The Morality of Abortion an Example of the Topic Psychology Essays by

The Morality of Abortion I. Introduction Bioethics is a recently coined word. It comes from bio which means life and from ethics which is morality. Bioethics is that branch of Ethics which deals directly with the problems of life and dying, of health and of healing. It focuses attention to the need for a healthier world in accordance with the dictates of reason. Life is precious. It is our main concern and duty. Health is our personal responsibility. This requires that we adopt a style of life that fosters health. We owe it to our family and society to be healthy. The cost of health care is becoming expensive everyday. It is a crime of gross injustice when, because of our reckless habits, we force our family to suffer financial losses and indebtedness. Need essay sample on "The Morality of Abortion" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed But do we really care about the life which God has bestowed in us? Yes, certainly we do but there are some women choose to abort the life that is in them for some irrefutable reasons. Many agree to abortion depends to the circumstances but how about the women who just do not want to have kids? Is it reasonable that they just abort the life because they want to avoid responsibilities? Absolutely, not! The intent of this paper is to investigate the womens right to abortion and how do our society views this issue. II. Background Interruption of pregnancy or expulsion of the product of conception before the fetus is viable is called abortion. The fetus is generally considered to be viable any time after the fifth to sixth month of gestation. The term premature labor is sued when a woman experiences labor after this point in the pregnancy. Abortion is the termination of pregnancy before the embryo or fetus is able to live outside the uterus. In other words, it is the intentional expulsion of a fetus which cannot survive by itself outside of the womb of the mother. In complete abortion the tissues surrounding the embryo or fetus are also expelled. Abortion can occur in a pregnant woman between the time the fertilized egg attaches itself to the wall of the uterus and the time the fetus is 28 weeks old. (After the fetus is 28 weeks old, it may survive outside the uterus). A naturally occurring abortion is called a spontaneous abortion, or commonly, a miscarriage. It usually occurs because the uterus has rejected an abnormal embryo or fetus. Sometimes spontaneous abortion is the result of an injury or disease in the mother. An induced abortion is one that is deliberately performed to terminate a pregnancy. It is called a therapeutic abortion when the life or health of the mother would be endangered if the pregnancy were to continue. For most of the 20th century, abortion was illegal in the United States. In the 1960s, some states began to allow abortions to be performed under various circumstances. In 1973 the U.S. Supreme Court held in Roe v. Wade that the right of privacy covered a womans right to end an unwanted pregnancy in the early stages. This decision caused a controversy over the rights to the mother versus to those of the unborn child. Groups identifying themselves as pro-choice defended a womans right to have an abortion. Anti-abortion, or pro-life, groups stated that human life began at the moment of conception and that abortion was thus the taking of a human life. In 1989 the Supreme Court again considered the abortion issue and, while upholding Roe v. Wade, allowed states to impose restrictions on how, when, and where abortions can be performed (see Head, Jeanne E. Does Abortion Access Protect Women's Health? Volume: 19. Issue: 6. June 2004. Many countries have abortion laws similar to those of the United States, and some consider abortion to be a birth control measure. Other countries allow the therapeutic abortions but limit other induced abortions to pregnancies resulting from rape. In some countries, abortion is completely illegal. III. Background Abortion is a highly publicized issue about which many people feel very strongly. Debate continues, pitting the principle of sanctity of life against the principle of autonomy and the womans right to control her own body. This is an especially volatile issue because no public consensus has yet been reached. Abortion laws provide specific guidelines about what is legally permissible. In 1973, when the Roe v. Wade and Doe v. Bolton cases were decided, the Supreme Court of the United States held that the constitutional rights of privacy give a woman the right to control her own body to the extent that she can abort her fetus in the early stages of pregnancy (see Rubin, Eva R. Abortion, Politics, and the Courts: Roe v. Wade and Its Aftermath. Greenwood Press. New York, 2001. In 1989, the Supreme Courts decision in Webster v Reproductive Health Services upheld a Missouri law banning the use of public funds or facilities for performing or assisting with abortions. In 1992, President Clinton rescinded the Rust v. Sullivan 1991 decision, dubbed the gag rule, that prevented health care providers from discussing abortion services with clients in nonprofit agencies. The Supreme Court and state legislature continue to struggle with the issue of abortion. IV. Discussion A. Spontaneous Abortion It is estimated that 1 of every 5 to 10 conceptions results in spontaneous abortion. Most of these occur because an abnormality in the fetus makes survival impossible. Other causes may include systematic diseases, hormonal imbalance, or anatomic abnormalities. If a pregnant woman experiences bleeding and cramping, a threatened abortion is diagnosed because an actual abortion is usually imminent. Spontaneous abortion occurs most commonly in the second or third month of gestation. There are various kinds of spontaneous abortion, depending in the nature of the process (threatened, inevitable, incomplete, or complete. In a threatened abortion, the cervix doe not dilate. With bed rest and conservative treatment, the abortion may be prevented. If cannot, an abortion is imminent. If only some of the tissue is passed, the abortion is referred to as incomplete. If the fetus and all related tissues are spontaneously evacuated, the abortion is complete. In some countries, abortion is considered a legitimate means for regulating the size of the family or that of population. In some of these countries, it is not only legalized but is encouraged by subsidizing it with taxpayers money. Ethicists and theologians distinguish between indirect and direct abortion. Indirect or therapeutic abortion is that which is performed for the purpose of saving the life of the mother. This is regard as morally permissible. The case, however, does not only imply that the mothers life is simply preferred over that of the child. The choice is between a life which can be saved and a life which cannot be saved. The moral dilemma is either to let both die or to save the mother. The unencephalic fetus is cited as example. Not only that this defective fetus cannot survive, it cannot fully develop into a conscious human life. Thus, it is justifiable to abort it rather than have it endanger the life of the mother. It does not however belong to therapeutic medicine that aborts a fetus because it is afflicted with some kind of genetic disease, or possesses the risk of it. The fetus, and not the mother, is the patient. Killing the patient is no therapy whatsoever. What could be done, or should have been done, insofar as genetic disease is foreseeable, is to avoid conception. After conception, the only moral remedy is for immediate treatment after the delivery of the child. Direct or Selective Abortion is the expulsion of the fetus by the willful wishes of the parents for purposes other than saving the life of the mother. Thus, abortion is resorted to as a means of limiting the number of children; as a political ploy to control population growth; or, simply, as means of eliminating an unwanted baby for social or economic reasons. Direct abortion is immoral. It is violative of the natural right of the child to live. Pro-life vs. Pro-Choice: The debate on abortion has divided public opinion into two opposing camps: the pro-life and the pro-choice. Pro-life advocates adhere to the principle which calls for the protection and preservation of human life in all its forms. First, life is present from the moment of conception, and secondly, that life will develop into human being, unless it is crushed out of existence. In other words, there is already a human being there in its first stages of development, like a tiny rose-bud that will one day open into a beautiful bloom. Life is there from the first moment. It is not just a piece of tissue, or a growth; it is a living thins, with a distinct life of its own. Anyone who destroys it destroys the human being that is to be. Pro-choice advocates maintain that the mother, being a human being, and not merely a machine of procreation, has the right and the freedom to decide when to continue or terminate pregnancy. The State has no authority to prohibit abortion, since this belongs to the domain of the parents, especially the woman, as a matter of human right. Pro-choice proponents do not deny the value of life. Towards its promotion, they insist that there other situations which may justify abortion other than that of saving the life of the mother. One such situation is the socio-economic capability of parents especially of single parents. Thus, accordingly, the ultimate decision should belong to the woman and/or parents as a matter of personal right. It is denied that pregnancy is an intimate personal matter which concerns the woman or the family. But, likewise, it must be emphasized that abortion would not be a moral issue if couples would also admit to the prior responsibility of conjugal love and sex. Pregnancy is a foreseeable result of the sexual act. Couples, therefore, who are faced with risk of unwanted pregnancy, should have recourse to the moral means for avoiding conception. It contradicts reason to allow persons to be reckless with their sexual activities and give them besides the right to judge whether the offspring deserves to live or to die. In this extreme situation, the parent or parents would be the criminal, the judge, and the executioner; and the child has no fighting chance to survive. This is why pregnancy, after the fact, assumes a social dimension. It cannot be left entirely to the private moral decision of the individuals. It would be tantamount to giving each person the right to commit murder in accordance with their personal wishes. IV. Conclusion Having an abortion is a case to case basis. I cannot blame women who undergone abortion because that is their own prerogative and their right as a woman. I strongly believe that women who aborted their babies have irrefutable reasons; thus, their pregnancy might endanger their lives or the baby itself has its problem or whatever reasons the mother may have, we cannot push, dictate or even blame that individual. I dont say that I am pro or anti but as an individual, I should not be judgmental and learn to understand women who experienced that kind of process. I should look at on the other side of the coin of why mothers aborted their babies. References: Colker, Ruth. Abortion & Dialogue: Pro-Choice, Pro-Life, and American Law. Indiana University Press. Bloomington, IN. Publication Year: 2002. Mohr, James C. The Origins and Evolution of National Policy, 1800-1900. Oxford University Press. New York, 1999. Pollitt, Katha. Abortion in American History. Volume: 279. Issue: 5. 2001. Rubin, Eva R. Abortion, Politics, and the Courts: Roe v. Wade and Its Aftermath. Greenwood Press. New York, 2001. Head, Jeanne E. Does Abortion Access Protect Women's Health? Volume: 19. Issue: 6. June 2004.

An understanding of parental responsibility and child behaviour Essays

An understanding of parental responsibility and child behaviour Essays An understanding of parental responsibility and child behaviour Essay An understanding of parental responsibility and child behaviour Essay A definition of specifying parenting could include One who begets, gives birth to, or raisings and raises a kid ; a male parent or a female parent An ascendant ; a primogenitor. An being that produces or generates offspring. ( Dictionary.com, 2010 ) However, the function can include step-parent, adoptive parents, Foster parents, residential attention staff and biological parents. The Scottish Executive states Families come in all forms and sizes. Grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins can all play an of import function in fostering kids. While parents are responsible for caring for kids and guaranting their demands are met, the wider household can play a critical back uping function . ( Scots Executive, 2006, p. 1 ) Stephen Leverett quotes, Throughout the 20th century, the province increasingly and at the same time increased its degree of support to, and its surveillance of, parents and carers ( in conveying up kids ) . Much of this centred on guaranting kids were healthy, educated and safe. Although sometimes hard to interpret into pattern, the ethos of working together with parents was normally maintained even in state of affairss necessitating more interventionist attacks such as kid protection . Leverett continues to cite, This has continued into the 21st century when the expected results for kids from the position of the province have been more clearly defined and linked to the political and economic ends of the twenty-four hours ( for illustration, kids s rights, societal inclusion, regard and citizenship, competitory economic system. ( Leverett, 2008 pg 45 ) There has been a changeless shifting of the boundaries between the province, households and the voluntary and private sectors in footings of duties for instruction and child care, fiscal support for kids and the direction of kids s behavior. Consequently the outlooks and demands placed upon parents and carers are more clearly stated ( and open to scrutiny ) , widening their duty to advance wellbeing for their kids to the well-being of society ( Wasoff and Cunningham-Burley, 2005 ) . It can be stated that the ability of parents carry throughing these duties can be affected by their place in society such as socially, economically and culturally. In response to this, the authorities intervened by presenting interagency support enterprises such as Certain Start. This delivers services by conveying together household support, wellness, child care and early instruction. Certain Start covers a broad scope of programmes and marks those from a peculiar disadvantage group and local countries. Many bureaus work aboard bing services to back up parents. Parental duty is the term used to depict the legal position of the relationship between parent and kid. Leverett states It governs all the rights, responsibilities, powers and duties which by jurisprudence a parent of a kid has in relation to the kid. Peoples who have parental duty for a kid can take determinations about a scope of affairs such as instruction, faith and consent to medical intervention for the kid ( Leverett, 2008 pg 48 ) . Mothers who gave birth have parental duty, the same as married and single male parents who are named on the birth certification or obtained lawfully. Local governments, if agreed by the tribunal can get or portion parental duty, nevertheless, those with duty must hand in glove work together in doing determinations for the kid. The tribunal can be used to decide any dissensions, if necessary. Garrett high spots the extent to which New Labour societal policy, in his position, is really much a neoliberal undertaking. He identifies how welfare services promote specific material and cultural alteration , for illustration, the reshaping of policy and pattern encouraging and enabling people to take up places within a neoliberal work force . Garrett argues, the creative activity of new sites for capital accretion ( across wellness, instruction and societal attention ) and the transmutation of working patterns in the populace sector through mimicking traditional concern theoretical accounts ( puting results and handling parents as clients ) . ( Garrett, 2006, p.10 ) . The authorities intervened by promoting childcare scenes to be set up. Harmonizing to Ball and Vincent ( 2005, p. 558 ) , childcare is seen as holding the possible to convey adult females back into the work force, thereby increasing productiveness . Ironically many of these adult females are happening occupation s caring for other adult females s kids . Harmonizing to Blackburn ( 2004 ) , the twenty-four hours nursery market is spread outing and in 2003 was worth more than ?2.66 billion . The authorities responded to such unfavorable judgments through its Ten Year Strategy for Childcare ( HM Treasury, 2004 ) . Leverett states This showed more sensitiveness toward the place of parents and kids by doing the parental leave system more flexible and increasing the handiness of parttime free child care for 3-and 4-year-olds. However, parents of younger kids are still really much at the clemency of local market conditions which can change greatly ; some countries have a excess of child care in contrast to others which possess deficient sums to fulfill parental pick . ( Leverett, 2008 pg 54 ) . The authorities suggests that the success of households is, foremost and first, down to the committedness and behavior of those within them ( PMSU, 2007, p. 55 ) . Concern has been expressed by some observers at the manner unequal parenting has ever been seen as a moral issue closely linked, peculiarly within policies on societal exclusion, to poverty, low aspiration and antisocial behavior . ( Leverett, 2008 pg 56 ) . Policy literature normally cites the status of exclusion mentioning to a disjunction from mainstream values and aspirations, as opposed to marginalisation from material resources ( Gillies, 2006, p. 283 ) . It can be easy to overlook the broad diverseness of relationships and civilizations within which kids are embedded, but kids s ain histories reveal that they recognise the interconnection of the wider web of people who contribute in different ways to their well-being ( Leverett, 2008 pg 47 ) . People aid small kids like instructors, pa, the bank, the large sister, Mam, people, uncle, your grandmother, grandfather, infirmary, aunty ( Child quoted in Crowley and Vulliamy, 2003, p. 11 ) . Yet they besides reveal that kids hold differentiated positions of cardinal people in their webs, with parents ( peculiarly female parents ) and friends normally being the chief intimates ( Hill, 2005, p. 81 ) . To co-occur with above quotation mark Listening is of import for the kids who are being listened to, but besides for the grownups who are listening, whether at place or in an early old ages puting, at school, at a local authorization degree or in national authorities . ( National Children s Bureau, 2008, pg 1 ) . I may non hold address, but I have a voice I can give my sentiments, I can even reason . ( National Children s Bureau, 2007 ) Every Child Matters is underpinned by the importance of listening to kids and immature people. The ECM result Making a positive part should be a high precedence at every phase of planning and bringing if services are to be successful and gratifying . ( 4Children, 2009, pg 2 ) Leverett provinces parenting can non be understood without mention to each person s wider context, which in bend implies that parents are different from each other . ( Leverett, 2008 pg 58 ) . There are four theoretical constructs that parents may possess, frequently referred as capital . Leverett quotes: Economic This by and large relates to fiscal physical and material resources available to parents that can be utilised to advance kids s well-being and may affect obtaining a good instruction, good wellness or leisure for kids. Human This describes the accomplishments and cognition possessed by people normally associated with instruction or work. Human capital can besides mention to accomplishments and cognition acquired at the degree of the person . ( Leverett, 2008 pg 59 ) . A good manner to mensurate human capital is to analyze whether the consequences have increased wealth or productiveness. Social Coleman ( 1991, 1997 ) identifies societal capital as a resource that can be generated and employed within the household through parent-child dealingss and exterior of the household through relationships within the local community. Social capital is considered of import for some parents who wish to develop their kids s human capital and educational accomplishment . Cultural Bourdieu s construct of cultural capital goes some manner to conveying together these different theories. As we have seen, societal capital is cognizing who can assist parents accomplish their ends to raise kids ; in contrast, cultural capital is cognizing how to utilize these assets and other qualities to accomplish ends ( St Clair, 2005 ) The capitals are really much interrelated, one time one of the capitals has been acquired, you are really likely to get the other signifiers of capitals. Leverett provinces, Human and societal capital are constructs that have been interpreted as good to society, every bit good as persons, and hence have been influential in the design of kids s services and the function and working relationships of practicians. Economic, homo, societal and cultural capital are constructs that enable us to understand resources unevenly possessed by parents and unevenly provided by rearing support . ( Leverett, 2008 pg 65 ) Coleman ( 1991, 1997 pg 59 ) identifies societal capital as a resource that can be generated and employed within the household through parent-child dealingss and exterior of the household through relationships within the local community. Social capital is considered of import for some parents who wish to develop their kids s human capital and educational accomplishment. Where you live and whom you know the societal capital you can pull on aid to specify who you are and therefore to find your destiny ( Putnam, 1994, p. 14 ) . Three constituents of societal capital have been identified ( Woolcock, 2001 ) . Bonding societal capital, such as within households, helps make a sense of belonging and understanding . The importance of household interconnection and resource sharing is apparent in a survey by Bayat ( 2007 ) of households with autistic kids. It suggests that hardship can advance adhering between household members which in bend can construct resiliency ( Leverett, 2008 pg 60 ) : My boy s autism has made our household life tougher, emotionally and financially. Each member has to give extra clip and attempt to assist him, and larn how to populate peacefully in such environment. Through working together, we all learned how to assist my boy together. In some sense, this besides makes our household closer, because an person can non manage the stamina entirely. ( Mother quoted in Bayat, 2007, p. 709 ) Children s services as a consequence are now much better positioned to measure parents reasonably without favoritism linked to factors such as age, gender, wellness position, societal category or cultural background. It is besides recognised that the capacity of parents can be enhanced or undermined by factors and experiences, sometimes within their control sometimes non, located in household and wider societal webs or created by the cultural, societal, political and economic environment . ( Leverett, 2008 pg 66 ) . To associate this statement, a good illustration to back up parents is utilizing services such as Certain Start. However, Quinton ( 2004, p. 181 ) argues that formal services should see themselves as portion of the ecology of parenting: inter-agency working demands to be portion of an attempt to understand the whole of rearing ecology non merely a desire to see bureaus work together better . This can exemplify with province instruction, even though it is expensive for parents in footings of vesture, for illustration, it can still hold a negative consequence on kids whose parents are on low incomes. We can advance and back up positive parenting by advancing capital by intercessions such as the Knex Club run by Rebecca Howell. Rebecca provinces, They design and do their theoretical accounts. So we thought it would be nice in Year 3 for the parents to come, to be invited to come in and to work with the kids to see what goes on in school, to do them experience more comfy coming into school . ( Open University, 2008 ) To reason If we were to compose a occupation description for the function of parent or carer it would certainly show itself as a complex and disputing undertaking, capable to high degrees of examination and anxiousness. Despite this, important Numberss of people in all populations continue to deduce great pleasance and satisfaction from making it. Attention has been drawn to the manner in which those straight involved in the daily attention of kids can be supported by bureaus and grownups ( both formal and informal ) located in a wider web . ( Leverett, 2008 pg 47 ) The constructs of societal and cultural capital are utile thought tools when back uping parents through societal networking or when building carnival, accessible and just services . ( Leverett, 2008 pg 81 )

U.S. Teen Pregnancy and Abortion Rates

U.S. Teen Pregnancy and Abortion Rates Preventing teen pregnancy is one of those perennial hot-button issues in the news, and countless sources cite the statistic that 3/4 of a million teens become pregnant each year. But what are the real facts and figures on teenage pregnancy in the U.S.? How current is the data and is teen pregnancy overblown by the media? What are the statistics for teen abortions and teen births? The February 2012 study U.S. Teenage Pregnancies, Births and Abortions, 2008: National Trends by Age, Race and Ethnicity, authored by Kathryn Kost and Stanley Henshaw and released by the Guttmacher Institute draws upon the most current estimates available and provides data on teen pregnancy rates in the United States in 2008 on a national level. Teen pregnancy rates differ from teen birth rates in that pregnancy rates include births, abortions, miscarriages and stillbirths. Current statistics including pregnancy, birth and abortion rates are outlined below. Number of Teenage Pregnancies In 2008, there were approximately 746,500 teen pregnancies involving young women and girls under age 20. The bulk of those pregnancies 733,000 were among teens age 15-19, while girls 14 and younger accounted for 13,500 pregnancies. Teenage Pregnancy Rate Among teens age 15-17, the pregnancy rate was 67.8 pregnancies per 1,000 women or 7% of the population. This rate was the lowest in over 30 years, down 42% from the peak pregnancy rate of 116.9 per thousand in 1990. Among girls 14 and younger, the pregnancy rate declined 62% from a high of 17.5 pregnancies per thousand in 1990 to 6.6 per thousand in 2008. Pregnancy Rate of Sexually Active Teens The pregnancy rate of sexually experienced teens (those who have ever had intercourse) was 158.5 pregnancies per thousand young women age 15-19, which indicates that the overall teenage pregnancy rate includes a significant proportion of teens who have never had sex. That rate reached its peak in 1990 when it was 223.1 per thousand a decline of 29%. Teenage Birth Rate In 2008 the teen birth rate was 40.2 births per 1,000 women, a drop of 35% from the peak rate of 61.8 per thousand in 1991. Teenage Abortion Rate In 2008 the teen abortion rate was 17.8 abortions per 1,000 women, the lowest rate since abortion was legalized. Abortion rates for teens peaked in 1988 at 43.5 per thousand; compared with the 2008 rate, that represents a decline of 59%. Although teen birth and abortion rates have been on a steady decline for more than two decades, in 2006 there was a short-lived increase in both the teenage birth and abortion rate. Both rates resumed their decline according to 2008 figures. Teenage Abortion Ratio The proportion of teen pregnancies that end in abortion (known as the abortion ratio) declined by a third from 1986-2008, from 46% to 31%. Teen Pregnancy Rates Across Racial and Ethnic Groups Although declines were seen among all three groups (white, black, Hispanic), the teen pregnancy rate remains higher among black teens and Hispanic teens as compared to non-Hispanic white teens. For non-Hispanic white teens, the pregnancy rate declined 50% since 1990 (from 86.6 pregnancies per 1,000 to 43.3). Among black women aged 15–19, the pregnancy rate dropped 48% between 1990 and 2008 (from 223.8 pregnancies per 1,000 to 117.0). Hispanic teenagers (of any race), the pregnancy rate fell 37% from its highest level between 1992 and 2008 (from 169.7 per 1,000 to 106.6.) Teen Pregnancy Rates and Racial Disparity When compared to each other, the disparity in teen pregnancy rates across racial and ethnic groups is apparent. Rates among black and Hispanic teens were 2–3 higher than that of non-Hispanic white teens. Among the different groups, in 2008 the pregnancy rate per thousand for young women age 15-19 was: 43.3 for non-Hispanic white teens106.6 for Hispanic teens (of any race)117.0 for black teens Teen Abortion Rates and Racial Disparity A similar disparity exists in teen abortion rates across racial and ethnic groups. Abortion rates among black teens were 4 times higher than that of non-Hispanic white teens; among Hispanic teens, the rate was twice as high. Among the different groups, in 2008 the abortion rate per thousand for young women age 15-19 was: 10.4 for non-Hispanic white teens20.1 for Hispanic teens (of any race)40.8 for black teens Teen Birth Rates and Racial Disparity Likewise, the disparity continues in teen birth rates across racial and ethnic groups. Birth rates among black and Hispanic teens in 2008 were twice the rate of non-Hispanic white teens. Among the different groups, in 2008 the birth rate per thousand for young women age 15-19 was: 26.6 for non-Hispanic white teens70.3 for Hispanic teens (of any race)60.1 for black teens Number of Pregnancies, Births, Abortions and Estimated Miscarriages In 2008 the following numbers for women younger than age 20 were recorded and/or estimated: Total number of pregnancies - 746,530Total number of births - 440,522Total number of abortions - 198,100Total number of estimated miscarriages (including stillbirths) - 107,910 Out of a total population of young women age 15-19 in the U.S. of 10,805,000, roughly 7% of teen girls were pregnant in 2008. Source:Kost, Kathryn and Stanley Henshaw. U.S. Teenage Pregnancies, Births and Abortions, 2008: National Trends by Age, Race and Ethnicity. Guttmacher Institute, Guttmacher.org. 8 February 2012.

International banking and finance law Assignment - 1

International banking and finance law - Assignment Example The banks come to form under the aegis of one lead bank to make up the necessary availability of funds with the help of each bank in the group. The lead bank is the agency that has direct relationship with the borrower whereas other banks are called upon by the lead bank to fund the project (Gatti, 2008:157). The legal structure of the banks for proper financing the project may include lead bank, which has direct relationship with the borrower; participant; which is a financial intermediary lending an amount below the threshold; documentation bank responsible for correct drafting of the documents concerning the loan and agent bank responsible for managing the cash flows and payments during the project lifecycle (Gatti, 2008:157). It is however important to mention that lead bank could be liable to other members for negligent preparation of the information memorandum (Roberts, 1998:79). b) The legal issues arising from the loans given by the group of banks for a particular project include pre-contract relationships involving lead bank, lenders and borrowers; the legal position of the agent banks, information of the borrower, project details like requirement of finance during its lifecycle. The Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 declares the exclusions of liability for negligence by notice will only be effective in as much as they are reasonable. A non contractual remedy is also available to the member in the form of an action for fraudulent misrepresentation (Roberts, 1998:83).. The rights and obligations of the banks are independent of each other and that the financial assistance provided by the banks in the group is usually separate loans made to the borrower which also gives the right to the bank to make its own decisions on matters pertaining to default by the borrower. The group of banks act like a syndicate, whereby, a clause is included declaring that when an

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Assignment - Essay Example In this case, managing an IT company requires one to have management functions such change management, budgeting, controlling, and organizing unique aspects of technology. The main purpose of IT management is to ensure that a firm is utilizing IT resources effectively and efficiently. The management team sets goals and objectives that align with technology. Unlike management in other functions, technology plays a crucial role in IT management. Management of other functions do not specialize in a specific field. The management team utilize all resources of the organization to grow from one level of growth to another. The management team creates a strong organization culture that encourages employees from all departments to achieve the set goals and objectives. The main purpose of other management is to ensure that a firm utilize all resources in all discipline. The management of other functions enables managers and leaders to evaluate the firm’s external and internal situation and further take actions to prevent future failure. 2. What did Barton learn from his trip to the bookstore and late night of studying? In his trip to the bookstore and late night of studying, Barton learnt that one has to have adequate skills in all fields of operation. As highlighted by Austin, Richard, and Shannon (12), Barton knew nothing about IT management. In his late night of studying, he wondered whether all managers were experts in technology. Barton was challenged by the team he was with since they had been doing IT in their entire career. The team had adequate skills and abilities to handle every challenge that emerged in IT. Barton wondered whether the team understood that he lacked skills and expertise in the field of IT. From his trip, Barton learnt that IT management is different from management of other functions. He established the need to have adequate skills in IT and utilize resources in the organization. Barton realized that some people are more talented in som e specialist than other people. It was clear to him that, there some people who are smarter than him, but lack interest in performing the work he does. 3. Why did Barton's meeting with senior IT operations staff not go as he planned? Baton’s meeting with Senior IT operations staff did not go as he planned because he had no idea to create a system or a solution in the field of IT. After the morning discussion and meeting with Ruben, Barton believed that the meeting was crucial area of IT management. Despite having a strong desire to lead the IT department, he encountered serious challenges that he never expected. In the meeting, he would ask Jenny, his assistant to provide him with IT organizational chart. During the meeting, Barton could not remember any of his goals to his plan. Barton pointed that he require five people in the off site. He encountered a big challenge to support his plan. He depended on other members suggestions and agreed on their contribution. Barton could not fit well in the meeting, since he lacked adequate skills in IT. It seemed to him that the members in meeting made the situation difficult. 4. Why the IT organization is structured the way it is?   IT organization is structured the way it is because technology is moving at a high pace. IT specialists should be equipped with new skills and abilities every century. As technology advances at a high rate, there is a strong need of having experts that will solve problems that emerge. An IT organization i

50 First Dates Essay Example for Free

50 First Dates Essay The movie 50 First Dates is a romantic comedy film directed by Peter Segal. The movie is a notion of a day that keeps repeating itself. However, in this movie the recycling takes place entirely inside the mind of Lucy Whitmore played by Drew Barrymore. Barrymore plays a young woman who was in an accident that caused her to suffer from Goldfield Syndrome, a fictional form of anterograde amnesia in which each day’s events disappear from her memory overnight. This is caused by damage to the hippocampus, inside the temporal lobe, as the hippocampus controls memory functions. Furthermore,she also innocently believes every day to be the birthday of her father which happens to be the day of the accident. In order to shield her from the pain of repeatedly learning about the accident, Marlin and Lucy’s brother, re-enact the activities of Marlin’s birthday every day. The character Oola is a friend of Sandler, whom helps come up with clever ideas to help Lucy fall in love with Henry everyday. Oola is affecting his neurotransmitters by the daily use of marijuana. Marijuana works as an agonist, in this movie. Adam Sandler, a womanizing marine life veterinian whom cares for animals in an aquatic amusement park has too many sexual conquests until he realizes that he is falling in love with Lucy. Sandler, sheds his philandering ways and devises new ways to meet her again every day, hoping that one day she will retain her memories and feelings for him. He eventually convinces Marlin that hiding the truth from Lucy is worse than explaining it to her each day, so they begin to leave video tapes for her to watch each morning, explaining her situation and her relationship with Henry. Lucy also writes notes to herself in a diary. Over time, she begins to reciprocate Henry’s feelings, even accepting his marriage proposal. Lucy is surrounded by a great deal of support and love throughout her dilemma. Lucy also receives deception from her brother and father and the basically the whole town because they protect her from knowing the truth. Personal Reflection: The results of this movie provide evidence that people suffer with anterograde amnesia which can effectively evaluate aspects of their quality of life and that the quality of communication life style. This movie also provides evidence that people with Amnesia also refers to an inability to recall information that is stored in memory. The causes of amnesia may be organic or functional. Organic causes may include brain damage through injury, or the use of specific drugs but usually sedative drugs. Amnesia may be one of the symptoms of some degenerative brain diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease. Functional causes are psychological factors, such as defense mechanisms. People with amnesia also find it hard to imagine the future, because our constructions of future scenarios are closely linked to our recollections of past experiences. Researchers from Washington University in St. Louis used advanced brain imaging techniques to show that remembering the past and envisioning the future may go hand in hand with each process sparking strikingly similar patterns of activity within precisely the same broad network of brain regions. Fortunately, in the majority of cases amnesia resolves itself without treatment. However, if an underlying physical or mental disorder is present, it should be treated. Psychotherapy may sometimes be effective for some patients. Hypnosis can be an effective way of recalling memories that have been forgotten. Family support is crucial in helping a patient with amnesia get better. Psychologists and psychiatrists say that reality orientation aids may help to nudge patients back into their environment if they are surrounded with familiar objects, photographs, smells, and sounds. Personal Implications: In 50 First dates, it was designed to tell the story of Lucy a woman whom suffers from a severe memory loss and can not remembered anything that is happening but remembers the past. Goldfield’s syndrome is a fictive name for a specific form of Anterograde amnesia used in the romantic comedy. The condition causes Lucy to lose of all her memories of the day, save the memories prior to the accident, due to that she is unable to convert her short-term memories to her long-term memories during her sleep. This results in her waking up every day believing it is the day of the accident, October 13, 2002. So, while the name is fiction, it is based upon a real condition. The neurological condition that Lucy suffers from, Goldfield Syndrome, is entirely fictional. True anterograde amnesia affects either short-term memory, which can last minutes or seconds, or intermediate-term memory, which can last days or weeks. Although, falling asleep has nothing to do with the condition, and sleep actually intensifies many chemical effects which help memory.

Passivity: A Way of Life. :: Essays Papers

Passivity: A Way of Life. The life of the main character – Rukmani was filled with hardships. Happy times were a rarity, and everyday life was full of work from sunrise to sunset. Yet despite all the work, her family was in utter poverty. Nevertheless Rukmani was always optimistic, and accepted her life the way it was. Kenny, on the other hand, never understood why they accept their poverty and always tried to get them to rise up. It is Indian ideology and the belief in karma with reincarnation that led Rukmani and many other Indian people to a passive life. This passivity is seen throughout the book. However especially in the few instances after major disasters and crises this way of life stands out. At first, Rukmani couldn’t have children after her first daughter. Kenny cured her, and then she bore five sons. Afterwards, she met Kenny and proudly said â€Å"You are my benefactor†¦have I not five sons to prove it?†(p. 36) Kenny answered, â€Å"Am I to blame for your excesses?† This was a half- sarcastic remark. However, only half – sarcastic. Ok, you need sons to work in the field, two sons can manage if Nathan managed alone. You can barely provide for a few people, but the family consists of eight. Yet everything is just fine. Another instance is when the terrible storm hit the village and destroyed the rice paddy. When the storm finished, Rukmani just said that it will grow back and so did Nathan. At the time of the terrible drought the crop was destroyed, and even after cutting a deal of paying half the rent, selling clothes, and a few other things they didn’t have enough money to pay the half, Nathan wanted to sell the seed and a lot of other stuff. Rukmani pleaded with him â€Å"Let us only try,†¦ Let us keep our hope for the next harvest.†(p. 80) Again there is the optimism. Finally, she even confirms this passivity herself. When Kenny showed her the plans for the hospital, and the started to talk about the costs, Rukmani couldn’t understand why people gave so much money to help. Kenny said, â€Å"Because they have means, do no the sick die in the streets because there is no hospital for them? Are not your children born in gutters? Etc.† â€Å"You must cry out if you want help.

Printed Circuit Board and Acme

Introduction Acme Electronics and Omega Electronics were spin off companies from the original Technological Products of Erie, Pennsylvania that was bought out by a Cleveland manufacturer. The two companies were in the business of manufacturing printed circuit boards. Acme Electronics retained its original management while Omega Electronics hired a new president but upgraded several people within the plant. Both companies being in the same line of business and geographically close to each other often competed for business. In 1976, both companies were asked by a major photocopy manufacturer to produce 100 prototype memory units that would be used in a new experimental copier. The company with the winning bid would be awarded the contract to assemble these memory units. They had two weeks to come up with the prototypes. This paper examines the different goals pursued by Acme and Omega, their impact and strategies used to achieve the goals. It also looks at effectiveness of both methods used as well as the best results from the company that got the winning bid. Analysis It is clear from the case that the two companies had different goals. Omega’s goals seemed to be excellent internal processes and employee satisfaction whereas Acme’s goals were profits that came from operations being run very efficiently. Top management in any organization usually sets the strategy and communicates it down to the line worker to ensure that the whole organization was working together to achieve common goals. This was no different at the two organizations above. Acme’s president credited his organization’s success and effectiveness to the high degree of efficiency they were able to achieve. This was because employees had clear cut responsibilities and narrowly defined jobs that led to high performance. Omega’s president on the other hand had great emphasis on employee relations. As soon as Acme got the blueprints, they divided the work among the different departments and each went off to work diligently but with no contact with other departments. This caused problems early on in the project as the different departments were acting like little organizational silos – not sharing information or challenges they were facing. The end result was that Acme delivered the prototypes late and had a 10% defect rate but was within budget. Omega got the blueprints and immediately created cross-functional teams that worked together on the project. Even though they encountered similar problems as Acme, they were able to quickly resolve them and deliver the prototypes on time and with zero defects. At first it seemed like Omega would automatically win the bid but it turned out that Acme delivered at a lower cost and the contract was split between both firms with clear instructions to reduce final costs and maintain zero defects. In the end, the final contract was awarded to Acme due to their extensive cost-cutting efforts that saw them realize a 20% reduction in unit cost. Their goals definitely helped them win the contract because as the president had stated; their structure was best suited for high volume manufacture of printed circuits and their subsequent assembly. This created great high performance resulting in great efficiency and profits. Although they had problems in the initial stages, their president’s constant interaction with the client helped them out. He obviously handled the external relationship better. Summary In conclusion, both companies were effective in their own way. This is because they are pursuing different goals. Acme managed to stay highly efficient and win the contract whereas Omega maintained the high level of employee satisfaction. This however could cost them a lot of business in the long run. They should strike a balance between employee satisfaction and delivering on the bottom line.?

Direct and Indirect Taxes in India

A Direct tax is a kind of charge, which is imposed directly on the taxpayer and paid directly to the government by the persons (juristic or natural) on whom it is imposed. A direct tax is one that cannot be shifted by the taxpayer to someone else. The some important direct taxes imposed in India are as under: Income Tax: Income Tax Act, 1961 imposes tax on the income of the individuals or Hindu undivided families or firms or co-operative societies (other tan companies) and trusts (identified as bodies of individuals associations of persons) or every artificial juridical person. The inclusion of a particular income in the total incomes of a person for income-tax in India is based on his residential status. There are three residential status, viz. , (i) Resident & Ordinarily Residents (Residents) (ii) Resident but not Ordinarily Residents and (iii) Non 72 Residents. There are several steps involved in determining the residential status of a person. All residents are taxable for all their income, including income outside India. Non residents are taxable only for the income received in India or Income accrued in India. Not ordinarily residents are taxable in relation to income received in India or income accrued in India and income from business or profession controlled from India. Corporation Tax: The companies and business organizations in India are taxed on the income from their worldwide transactions under the provision of Income Tax Act, 1961. A corporation is deemed to be resident in India if it is incorporated in India or if it’s control and management is situated entirely in India. In case of non resident corporations, tax is levied on the income which is earned from their business transactions in India or any other Indian sources depending on bilateral agreement of that country. Property Tax: Property tax or ‘house tax' is a local tax on buildings, along with appurtenant land, and imposed on owners. The tax power is vested in the states and it is delegated by law to the local bodies, specifying the valuation method, rate band, and collection procedures. The tax base is the annual ratable value (ARV) or area-based rating. Owner-occupied and other properties not producing rent are assessed on cost and then converted into ARV by applying a percentage of cost, usually six percent. Vacant land is generally exempted from the assessment. The properties lying under control of Central are exempted from the taxation. Instead a ‘service charge' is permissible under executive order. Properties of foreign missions also enjoy tax exemption without an insistence for reciprocity. Inheritance (Estate) Tax: An inheritance tax (also known as an estate tax or death duty) is a tax which arises on the death of an individual. It is a tax on the estate, or total value of the money and property, of a person who has died. India enforced estate duty from 1953 to 1985. Estate Duty Act, 1953 came into existence w. e. f. 15th October, 1953. Estate Duty on agricultural land was discontinued under the Estate Duty (Amendment) Act, 1984. The levy of Estate Duty in respect of property (other than agricultural land) passing on death occurring on or after 16th March, 1985, has also been abolished under the Estate Duty (Amendment) Act, 1985. Gift Tax: Gift tax in India is regulated by the Gift Tax Act which was constituted on 1st April, 1958. It came into effect in all parts of the country except Jammu and Kashmir. As per the Gift Act 1958, all gifts in excess of Rs. 25,000, in the form of cash, draft, check or others, received from one who doesn't have blood relations with the recipient, were taxable. However, with effect from 1st October, 1998, gift tax got demolished and all the gifts made on or after the date were free from tax. But in 2004, the act was again revived partially. A new provision was introduced in the Income Tax Act 1961 under section 56 (2). According to it, the gifts received by any individual or Hindu Undivided Family (HUF) in excess of Rs. 50,000 in a year would be taxable. Indirect Tax: An indirect tax is a tax collected by an intermediary (such as a retail store) from the person who bears the ultimate economic burden of the tax (such as the customer). An indirect tax is one that can be shifted by the taxpayer to someone else. An indirect tax may increase the price of a good so that consumers are actually paying the tax by paying more for the products. The some important indirect taxes imposed in India are as under: Customs Duty: The Customs Act was formulated in 1962 to prevent illegal imports and exports of goods. Besides, all imports are sought to be subject to a duty with a view to affording protection to indigenous industries as well as to keep the imports to the minimum in the interests of securing the exchange rate of Indian currency. Duties of customs are levied on goods imported or exported from India at the rate specified under the customs Tariff Act, 1975 as amended from time to time or any other law for the time being in force. Under the custom laws, the various types of duties are leviable. (1) Basic Duty: This duty is levied on imported goods under the Customs Act, 1962. (2) Additional Duty (Countervailing Duty) (CVD): This is levied under section 3 (1) of the Custom Tariff Act and is equal to excise duty levied on a like product manufactured or produced in India. If a like product is not manufactured or produced in India, the excise duty that would be leviable on that product had it been manufactured or produced in India is the duty payable. If the product is leviable at different rates, the highest rate among those rates is the rate applicable. Such duty is leviable on the value of goods plus basic custom duty payable. (3) Additional Duty to compensate duty on inputs used by Indian manufacturers: This is levied under section 3(3) of the Customs Act. (4) Anti-dumping Duty: Sometimes, foreign sellers abroad may export into India goods at prices below the amounts charged by them in their domestic markets in order to capture Indian markets to the detriment of Indian industry. This is known as dumping. In order to prevent dumping, the Central Government may levy additional duty equal to the margin of dumping on such articles. There are however certain restrictions on imposing dumping duties in case of countries which are signatories to the GATT or on countries given â€Å"Most Favoured Nation Status† under agreement. (5) Protective Duty: If the Tariff Commission set up by law recommends that in order to protect the interests of Indian industry, the Central Government may levy protective anti-dumping duties at the rate recommended on specified goods. 6) Duty on 73 Bounty Fed Articles: In case a foreign country subsidises its exporters for exporting goods to India, the Central Government may impose additional import duty equal to the amount of such subsidy or bounty. If the amount of subsidy or bounty cannot be clearly deter mined immediately, additional duty may be collected on a provisional basis and after final determination, difference may be collected or refunded, as the case may be. (7) Export Duty: Such duty is levied on export of goods. At present very few articles such as skins and leather are subject to export duty. The main purpose of this duty is to restrict exports of certain goods. (8) Cess on Export: Under sub-section (1) of section 3 of the Agricultural & Processed Food Products Export Cess Act, 1985 (3 of 1986), 0. 5% ad valorem as the rate of duty of customs be levied and collected as cess on export of all scheduled products. (9) National Calamity Contingent Duty: This duty was imposed under Section 134 of the Finance Act, 2003 on imported petroleum crude oil. This tax was also leviable on motor cars, imported multi-utility vehicles, two wheelers and mobile phones. (10) Education Cess: Education Cess is leviable @ 2% on the aggregate of duties of Customs (except safeguard duty under Section 8B and 8C, CVD under Section 9 and anti-dumping duty under Section 9A of the Customs Tariff Act, 1985). Items attracting Customs Duty at bound rates under international commitments are exempted from this Cess. (11) Secondary and Higher Education Cess: Leviable @1% on the aggregate of duties of Customs. 12) Road Cess: Additional Duty of Customs on Motor Spirit is leviable and Additional Duty of Customs on High Speed Diesel Oil is leviable by the Finance Act (No. 2), 1998. and the Finance Act, 1999 respectively. (13) Surcharge on Motor Spirit: Special Additional Duty of Customs (Surcharge) on Motor Spirit is leviable by the Finance Act, 2002. Central Excise Duty: The Central Government levies excise duty under the Central Excise Act, 1944 and the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985. Central excise duty is tax which is charged on such excisable goods that are manufactured in India and are meant for domestic consumption. The term â€Å"excisable goods† means the goods which are specified in the First Schedule and the Second Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act 1985. It is mandatory to pay Central Excise duty payable on the goods manufactured, unless exempted eg; duty is not payable on the goods exported out of India. Further various other exemptions are also notified by the Government from the payment of duty by the manufacturers. Various Central Excise are: (1) Basis Excise Duty: Excise Duty, imposed under section 3 of the ‘Central Excises and Salt Act’ of 1944 on all excisable goods other than salt produced or manufactured in India, at the rates set forth in the schedule to the Central Excise tariff Act, 1985, falls under the category of Basic Excise Duty In India. (2) Special Excise Duty: According to Section 37 of the Finance Act, 1978, Special Excise Duty is levied on all excisable goods that come under taxation, in line with the Basic Excise Duty under the Central Excises and Salt Act of 1944. Therefore, each year the Finance Act spells out that whether the Special Excise Duty shall or shall not be charged, and eventually collected during the relevant financial year. (2) Additional Duty of Excise: Section 3 of the ‘Additional Duties of Excise Act’ of 1957 permits the charge and collection of excise duty in respect of the goods as listed in the Schedule of this Act. (4) Road Cess: (a) Additional Duty of Excise on Motor Spirit: This is leviable by the Finance Act (No. 2), 1998. (b) Additional Duty of Excise on High Speed Diesel Oil: This is leviable by the Finance Act, 1999. 5) Surcharge: (a) Special Additional Duty of Excise on Motor Spirit: This is leviable by the Finance Act, 2002. (b) Surcharge on Pan Masala and Tobacco Products: This Additional Duty of Excise has been imposed on cigarettes, pan masala and certain specified tobacco products, at specified rates in the Budget 2005-06. Biris are not subjected to this levy. (6) National Calamity Contingent Duty (NCCD): NCCD was levied on pan masala and certain specified tobacco products vide the Finance Act, 2001. The Finance Act, 2003 extended this levy to polyester filament yarn, motor car, two wheeler and multi-utility vehicle and crude petroleum oil. (7) Education Cess: Education Cess is leviable @2% on the aggregate of duties of Excise and Secondary and Higher Education Cess is Leviable @1% on the aggregate of duties of Excise. (8) Cess – A cess has been imposed on certain products. Service Tax: The service providers in India except those in the state of Jammu and Kashmir are required to pay a Service Tax under the provisions of the Finance Act of 1994. The provisions related to Service Tax came into effect on 1st July, 1994. Under Section 67 of this Act, the Service Tax is levied on the gross or aggregate amount charged by the service provider on the receiver. However, in terms of Rule 6 of Service Tax Rules, 1994, the tax is permitted to be paid on the value received. The interesting thing about Service Tax in India is that the Government depends heavily on the voluntary compliance of the service providers for collecting Service Tax in India. Sales Tax: Sales Tax in India is a form of tax that is imposed by the Government on the sale or purchase of a particular commodity within the country. Sales Tax is imposed under both, Central Government (Central Sales Tax) and State Government (Sales Tax) Legislation. Generally, each State follows its own Sales Tax Act and levies tax at various rates. Apart from sales tax, certain States also imposes additional charges like works contracts tax, turnover tax and purchaser tax. Thus, Sales Tax Acts as a major revenue-generator for the various State Governments. From 10th April, 2005, most of the States in India have supplemented sales tax with a new Value Added Tax (VAT).

The Symbolism of the Glass Pap essays

The Symbolism of the Glass Pap essays In the novel 1984, the prophetic classic written by George Orwell in 1949, we see a man who is all alone struggles against a totalitarian government. While he is aware that he cannot defeat the monstrous machine known as The Party, he still defies its efforts at controlling the thoughts and emotions of all the citizens of Oceania. But throughout the novel, Winston Smith has a dream of escaping from this terrible system, of going away with his lover Julia. Winstons dream of escaping from the insanity of life in the totalitarian super-state of Oceania is symbolized by the glass paperweight that he obtains in the antique store. Winston buys the paperweight under a circumstance that befits the society in which he lives. He wanders into an old antique shop; run by a kindly old gentleman who always had the air of being a collector rather than a tradesman.(p125) He finds a glass paperweight that has a peculiar softness, as of rainwater, in both the color and texture of the glass. Inside was embedded a tiny piece of coral, such that it was magnified by the glass.(p81) The paperweight is beautiful to look at, and without function, as are dreams. Unfortunately, the storekeeper who sells the artifact to Winston is a member of the Thought Police; an organization designed to control peoples thoughts as well as their actions. By purchasing this paperweight from a member of the controlling force in the Oceanic government, Winston demonstrates how any anomalous thought or dream can condemn oneself in the eyes of Big Brother. Winstons belief that he is a minority of one is reaffirmed by the fact that this paperweight is not understood by anyone. When he shows it to Julia, the only person who he feels is capable of grasping its meaning, he is disappointed. He took it out of her hand, fascinated as always by the soft, rainwatery appearance of the glass. What is...

7 Top class apps that every Grad student must use

Social Media 7 Top class apps that every Grad student must use Today’s technological world has changed the definition of almost everything, whether it is related with education, corporate world and other fields. It is through technology, the world is becoming a small place, where each and everyone can communicate sitting at any corner of the globe. Many new applications are regularly stepping ahead and thereby, making every task simple and trouble free (Galbraith and et.al., 2007). Apps are considered as the wave of the future man. Talking about the use of apps in the classrooms, soon each and every classroom will be filled with apps of all sizes as well as shapes. They will sooner or later replace the books and maybe someday friends and family. However, till then students who want to grade high in their assessments require apps on their computing device in order to succeed their school. Irrespective the students are taking notes, reading, typing up, annotating photosynthesis PDFs on the juxtaposition of thing A and thing B, there are man y best applications to get their work and schoolwork done quite easily (Tomei, 2009). Of course, it still depends on the students that whether they actually want to do work or not, but these applications when tucked into their iPad, MacBook, One X or ZenBook will help in cutting down their work to some extent (Henning, 2007). The present article will throw light on the applications related with the class that should be used by the grade students to score higher marks. The subsequent snippet will discuss about the class apps which are useful for the students and will make their work easy. The first classroom application is Dropbox. It is nothing but a multifaceted tool, which is very powerful. This app can be used to store and sync the files and documents across the tablets, computers and smart phones. Students can simply write a lesson plan or the lecture in their computer at home and put it on their Dropbox folder and whoosh!!! It will be synced with their work computer (Hollander, 2013). During their free period they can just open that file, make alternations and that change will be synced automatically with their home computer. Thus, it can be said that it is very seamless, free and fast. All the grade students can make use of this application in many ways. They can just manage their own materials and make it readily accessible. In addition to this, Dropbox works across platforms and devices and thus, students can use a Mac at home, an iPad, a Blackberry phone, a PC at work, all will have access to their documents and materials. Dropbox makes the life a lot easier . The very first thing the professors are required to do is they need to create a sharing folder for each and every class they teach so that they can make available crucial information to all the students (Smith, 2003). There are many benefits which can be availed by the students by using the Dropbox app. Grade students uses this app to submit their presentations and all visual components and thus, saves their time, which can be utilized in some fruitful work. Another important classroom application for the students and teachers is Skitch app. Now, most of the students as well as teachers are moving towards a paperless teaching and learning world. Recent advancements of technology and invention of iPad, Elmo and projector in almost every schools and colleges has rapidly changed the working patterns and business in the classrooms (Galbraith and et.al., 2007). There are many applications for the purpose of planning, collecting, capturing the students learning, anecdotal notes and teaching; however the most useful is Skitch. This application allows the students and teachers to take a snap or screenshot and allow them to write directly on it in order to make the point swiftly. In addition, it can be used for numerous learning experiences. Skitch helps in enhancing the discussions with the students by providing a support to them in learning more visible. Hence, students can learn and understands the basic concepts easily, which in turn will hel p them score higher grades. Further, they can do many things in their learning to show their level of understanding if iPads and Macs are made available for use in the classrooms (MacDonald, 2012). The third important tool that can be used by the students is sticky notes. Teacher can give sticky notes in the classroom to make them write the things that they have learned in the class and can check the order to understanding and thinking. Not only teachers, but students can also be benefited by this. Students will be able to confront their exact understanding of what they have learned (MacDonald, 2012). There are many ways in which the sticky notes are useful in the classrooms as well as for the students. Grade students make use of sticky notes for the purpose of organizing the folders, notepapers and study cards. Sometimes, while reading the difficult passages from the technical textbooks, students are being encouraged by the teachers to summarize the things on the sticky note and place it on the margin so that it becomes easy for them to search it out in the near future. There some of the students who storyboard their writing with the sticky notes so that can be moved around. I n addition, it also allows them to take the advantage of ideas spawned out of order. Furthermore, the students can make use of sticky notes to determine the things in the classrooms, categorizing the items by type and by labelling items in a target language (Hollander, 2013). There are many students who draw antics of stick men at the bottom of the sticky note so that when they flip the pages, it emerges as if the men are moving. All these things require planning as well as higher level of thinking. Talking in regards with the Resoph Notes, it is another important app that students should use in order to score higher marks and manage their work easily. With this application, students can take super-fast notes in plain text that will never be unable to get along with the future word processing software being used by the students. In simple words, it can be said that one can open their notes from different apps on both the computer and mobile device such as Simplenote and Flick Note. Further, within Resoph Notes, the students can search for text as well input text (Hess, 2011). Wolfram Alpha is also a new app for the students, which allows them to answer most of their questions in regards with the mathematics, chemistry, physics, words, demographics, dates of essential events, conversions and many more (Tiwana, 2013). There is an erudition curve for figuring out how the questions should be entered, however the time students figured it out, Wolfram Alpha app is able to unravel each and everything being thrown at it. Hence, with this app students will be able to solve complex questions regardless of their subject and topic. This will be considered as a steer to them, which will help in showing them right path of success. Throwing light on the e-reading application, Amazon’s Kindle app is considered as one of the best app for the students, which works on all the platforms. Kindle app has a mammoth library and it is most likely that it will not going to be out of style any time soon. Because of this reason, it is suggested that students should make use of this app in order to grab their textbooks and novels (Galbraith and et.al., 2007). One thing of this app, which is being liked by most of the people, it is quite simple and easy to share highlights and quotes being like by them. In addition, if student finds any problem parsing what’s imperative in the book he or she is reading something you're reading, they can just turn on the notes and popular highlights from other users of the Amazon. Finally, this app also helps the students to take all the books and notes with them and even they can have access by the cloud reader. Thus, it is coolest web app, which can be accessed on any library c omputer. Last but not the least, Pixelmator is one of the best reasonably priced photo editing suites for Mac which helps in offering more bang for the students buck as compared to Adobe Photoshop. This app is very useful for editing the visual projects; however it may not include all the favorite Photoshop keyboard shortcuts or filters. Pixelmator allows the users to save and export the files quirkily and is of great value and elegant looking (Tomei, 2009). Finally, it also have a iCloud Sync for their users files amid computers, touch-up tools, numerous filters and the capability to export the files to the users social networks. To conclude it can be well-attributed that all these applications can solve major problems of those students who are facing difficulties while managing their materials, editing their visual projects, searching textbooks and many more. For instance, by making use of sticky notes student comment on the other student’s work and assignments and put forward many suggestions for the betterment and compliments on the sticky notes. Another app i.e. Dropbox can be used as a great learning and teaching tool for the grade students. REFERENCES Books and Journals Galbraith, P.L. and et.al., 2007. Modelling and Applications in Mathematics Education: The 14th ICMI Study. Springer Science & Business Media. Tomei, L.A., 2009. ICTs for Modern Educational and Instructional Advancement: New Approaches to Teaching: New Approaches to Teaching. IGI Global. Henning, J., 2007. The Art of Discussion-Based Teaching: Opening Up Conversation in the Classroom. Routledge. Hess, A., 2011. iPad 2 Fully Loaded. John Wiley & Sons. Tiwana., A., 2013. Platform Ecosystems: Aligning Architecture, Governance, and Strategy. Newnes. Hollander, B.G., 2013. Participating in Plays, Skits, and Debates with Cool New Digital Tools. The Rosen Publishing Group. Smith, G.G., 2003. The web versus the classroom: instructor experiences in discussion-based and mathematics-based disciplines. Journal of Educational Computing Research. 29. pp.29-59. MacDonald, M., 2012. Classroom Aesthetics in Early Childhood Education. Journal of Education and Learning. 1(1). p.49.

Conflicts of interest in nowadays business Essay

Conflicts of interest in nowadays business - Essay Example Primary interests include all the responsibilities a person has at work depending on his/her kind of activity. Secondary interests are personal purposes and wishes such as making career, money making, doing favors for relatives. Certainly, financial motives are the most widespread causes of conflict of interest occurrence. Actually, personal interests are natural as all the people have them; however, they can easily become obnoxious in case if their motivation becomes stronger in comparison with primary interests’ motivation. The conflict of interest may be frequently present in the dormant form, but it turns into the real conflict when the person is really strongly influenced by secondary interests. Thus, there is a notion â€Å"conflict in a conflict of interests†. It appears in case when the risk of acting following secondary interests is present. More general interpretation of conflict of interest states that it is the circumstances in which a person or a company us es the official authorities for personal advantage. Actually, only the presence of conflict of interest is not considered as bad behavior as this is natural that employees or executives do have conflict of interest sometimes. ... Really, as it was explained above, conflict of interest may be present but the fact of misdeed may be absent at the same time. Here it is essential to introduce the notion of â€Å"conflict of roles† when a person has two roles at once and they are conflicting. For example, he/she may have governmental position and may own stock at the same time. Such differing of roles sometimes can lead to misdeed and misuse. Conflicts of interests may have different forms. The first form is self-dealing conflict of interest when an individual who is working in one company has a deal with the individual from another company for his own advantage. The second form is connected to the conflict of roles when a person has two jobs and the interests of one contradict the interests of another. The next form is related to family interests when a person may give to his/her relative a desired and prestigious job or an individual may buy something from the company his relative works in. Another popular form is making presents to a person who you work with. One of the important purposes of political ethics is to regulate the conflicts of interests, because the primary task of governmental officials is to provide public service not taking into account their personal interests. â€Å"Where a  conflict  exists, it should be dealt with in a transparent and accountable way. Even the mere perception that a  conflict  of  interest  has influenced an outcome can undermine public confidence in an organization’s integrity.   Having a clear policy which details specific reporting procedures and staff who are fully aware  of  their obligations to disclose any  conflicts  of  interest are effective ways  of  ensuing that they are handled appropriately, before they give rise to