George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four 1984 Essay -- essays research pa

 ¡Ã‚ °BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU ¡Ã‚ ± flashes out to the peruser in capital letters. This motto for the most part encapsulates the subject that the creator is attempting to pass on. The murkiness of the human instinct, unrestrained choice, and control are for the most part the topics that are installed inside this bit of dull writing. The more we read on in the novel, the more we question the presence of Big Brother. Albeit truly missing, he despite everything figures out how to ingrain consistent dread with his quality in the people⠡â ¯s mind.  â â â â 1984 makes a universe of tyranny wherein socialism is depicted to its extraordinary. It is where there is just control. Humanity is the most insightful creatures on earth and it is inside its forces to change its own environmental factors. They hold incredible force that will consistently transform into a dangerous power when left unchecked. Profound inside the human heart, there lives a waiting obscurity that can gulp down the frail casualties, yet kept in charge by those of solid will. Everything that happens must have an explanation and here, in the novel, that reason is clear. It is about Power, the desire for Power that drives the regularly developing obscurity. The journey for control and mastery is the thing that holds the novel together.      Free will is smothered to such a degree, that shrewd activities are abused as well as considerations that don't adjust to the standard too. The Party utilizes coercive and scaring improvements to control the citizens⠡â ¯ free ...

Three Major Perspectives in Sociology Essay

Three Major Perspectives in Sociology Sociologists dissect social wonders at various levels and from alternate points of view. From solid translations to clearing speculations of society and social conduct, sociologists study everything from explicit occasions (the microlevel of examination of little social examples) to the â€Å"big picture† (the full scale level of investigation of huge social examples). The spearheading European sociologists, be that as it may, likewise offered a wide conceptualization of the basics of society and its activities. Their perspectives structure the reason for today’s hypothetical points of view, or ideal models, which furnish sociologists with an arranging frameworkâ€a philosophical positionâ€for posing particular sorts of inquiries about society and its kin. Sociologists today utilize three essential hypothetical points of view: the emblematic interactionist viewpoint, the functionalist viewpoint, and the contention viewpoint. These viewpoints offer sociologists hypothetical ideal models for clarifying how society impacts individuals, and the other way around. Every point of view interestingly conceptualizes society, social powers, and human conduct (see Table 1). Understand more: Functionalist Conflict and Interactionist Perspectives The representative interactionist point of view The representative interactionist point of view, otherwise called emblematic interactionism, guides sociologists to think about the images and subtleties of regular day to day existence, what these images mean, and how individuals interface with one another. Albeit emblematic interactionism follows its roots to Max Weber’s statement that people demonstration as per their understanding of the significance of their reality, the American thinker George H. Mead (1863â€1931) acquainted this point of view with American humanism during the 1920s. As indicated by the representative interactionist viewpoint, individuals join implications to images, and afterward they act as per their abstract understanding of these images. Verbal discussions, in which spoken words fill in as the dominating images, make this abstract translation particularly apparent. The words have a specific importance for the â€Å"sender,† and, during powerful correspondence, they ideally have a similar significance for the â€Å"receiver.† In different terms, words are not static â€Å"things†; they require goal and understanding. Discussion is a cooperation of images between people who continually decipher their general surroundings. Obviously, anything can fill in as an image as long as it alludes to something past itself. Composed music fills in for instance. The dark dabs and lines become more than negligible checks on the page; they allude to notes sorted out so as to bode well. In this way, representative interactionists give genuine idea to how individuals act, and afterward look to figure out what implications people dole out to their own activities and images, just as to those of others. Consider applying emblematic interactionism to the American establishment of marriage. Images may incorporate wedding rings, pledges of life†long duty, a white marriage dress, a wedding cake, a Church function, and blossoms and music. American culture connects general implications to these images, yet people likewise keep up their own impression of what these and different images mean. For instance, one of the mates may see their round wedding bands as representing â€Å"never finishing love,† while the other may consider them to be a minor monetary cost. Much defective correspondence can result from contrasts in the view of similar occasions and images. Pundits guarantee that emblematic interactionism disregards the full scale level of social interpretationâ€the â€Å"big picture.† at the end of the day, representative interactionists may miss the bigger issues of society by concentrating too intently on the â€Å"trees† (for instance, the size of the jewel in the wedding band) as opposed to the â€Å"forest† (for instance, the nature of the marriage). The viewpoint likewise gets analysis for insulting the impact of social powers and foundations on singular associations. The functionalist point of view As indicated by the functionalist point of view, likewise called functionalism, every part of society is related and adds to society’s working in general. The legislature, or state, gives training to the offspring of the family, which thusly pays burdens on which the state depends to keep itself running. That is, the family is reliant upon the school to assist youngsters with growing up to have steady employments so they can raise and bolster their own families. All the while, the kids become law†abiding, taxpaying residents, who thus bolster the state. In the event that all works out positively, the pieces of society produce request, soundness, and efficiency. On the off chance that all goes poorly, the pieces of society at that point must adjust to recover another request, soundness, and profitability. For instance, during a budgetary downturn with its high paces of joblessness and swelling, social projects are cut or cut. Schools offer less projects. Families fix their spending plans. What's more, another social request, dependability, and profitability happen. Functionalists accept that society is held together by social accord, or attachment, in which individuals from the general public concur upon, and cooperate to accomplish, what is best for society all in all. Emile Durkheim recommended that social accord takes one of two structures: Mechanical solidarity is a type of social attachment that emerges when individuals in a general public keep up comparable qualities and convictions and take part in comparable sorts of work. Mechanical solidarity most generally happens in conventional, basic social orders, for example, those in which everybody groups cows or homesteads. Amish society represents mechanical solidarity. Interestingly, natural solidarity is a type of social attachment that emerges when the individuals in a general public are associated, however hold to changing qualities and convictions and take part in fluctuating kinds of work. Natural solidarity most usually happens in industrialized, complex social orders such those in huge American urban areas like New York during the 2000s. The functionalist viewpoint accomplished its most prominent fame among American sociologists during the 1940s and 1950s. While European functionalists initially centered around clarifying the internal operations of social request, American functionalists concentrated on finding the elements of human conduct. Among these American functionalist sociologists is Robert Merton (b. 1910), who partitions human capacities into two kinds: show capacities are purposeful and self-evident, while idle capacities are inadvertent and not self-evident. The show capacity of going to a congregation or gathering place, for example, is to love as a major aspect of a strict network, however its inactive capacity might be to assist individuals with figuring out how to perceive individual from institutional qualities. With good judgment, show capacities become effectively obvious. However this isn't really the situation for dormant capacities, which frequently request a sociological way to deal with be uncovered. A sociological methodology in functionalism is the thought of the connection between the elements of littler parts and the elements of the entirety. Functionalism has gotten analysis for disregarding the negative elements of an occasion, for example, separate. Pundits additionally guarantee that the point of view legitimizes business as usual and lack of concern with respect to society’s individuals. Functionalism doesn't urge individuals to play a functioning job in changing their social condition, in any event, when such change may profit them. Rather, functionalism considers dynamic to be change as unfortunate on the grounds that the different pieces of society will repay normally for any issues that may emerge. The contention point of view The contention viewpoint, which started fundamentally out of Karl Marx’s compositions on class battles, presents society from an alternate perspective than do the functionalist and representative interactionist points of view. While these last viewpoints center around the positive parts of society that add to its security, the contention perspectivefocuses on the negative, clashed, and ever†changing nature of society. Dissimilar to functionalists who safeguard business as usual, maintain a strategic distance from social change, and accept individuals coordinate to impact social request, struggle scholars rock the boat, support social change (in any event, when this implies social unrest), and accept rich and influential individuals power social request on poor people and the feeble. Strife scholars, for instance, may decipher a â€Å"elite† leading group of officials raising educational cost to pay for elusive new projects that raise the distinction of a neighborh ood school as self†serving instead of as helpful for understudies. Though American sociologists during the 1940s and 1950s for the most part overlooked the contention point of view for the functionalist, the wild 1960s saw American sociologists increase extensive enthusiasm for strife hypothesis. They additionally extended Marx’s thought that the key clash in the public eye was carefully monetary. Today, struggle scholars discover social clash between any gatherings in which the potential for imbalance exists: racial, sexual orientation, strict, political, monetary, etc. Strife scholars note that inconsistent gatherings as a rule have clashing qualities and plans, making them contend with each other. This steady rivalry between bunches frames the reason for the ever†changing idea of society. Pundits of the contention viewpoint point to its excessively negative perspective on society. The hypothesis at last properties compassionate endeavors, unselfishness, majority rules system, social equality, and other positive parts of society to free enterprise plans to control the majority, not to innate interests in protecting society and social request. Women's activist hypothesis is one of the significant contemporary sociological speculations, which examines the status of ladies and men in the public eye to utilize that information to better wo

The Brick Moves To The Library Richmond Writing

The Brick Moves To The Library Richmond Writing My poor English 103 students! Every time I taught the course, I had a mark of shame that one of us had to bear at some point: The Brick. One one side, I painted Unsupported Claim and on the other, the slogan shown above. I last used The Brick in Fall, 2009 but in the Spring of 2013, it returns for my First-Year Seminar Cyberspace: History, Future, and Culture. No errors can eclipse these two flaws. Even a missing thesis, what I prefer to call a governing claim, can take second place in a readers mind to an argument so flawed that one cannot read on. While I try to be moderately tough on grammar and usage, if the paper makes a logical flaw meriting The Brick, little else matters to me. This is also why our Writing Consultants begin their work with these top-down concerns. You can read more about how I used of The Brick, but it worked. When a writer, including the teacher, violated one of my cardinal rules about academic writing, s/he got to keep The Brick in each class until the fatal flaw had been corrected, often in a follow-up post to the class blog. I was given The Brick once by my class, Im proud to say, but only once that last semester. We can all make fatal errors in argument, but I made a generalization in a post online, and a student was quick to spot it. He e-mailed me, then announced my crime in the next class. In an age of pixelated writing and 140-character thoughts at Twitter, the materiality of The Brick reminds us that some words are not easily retracted. Thats a comforting thought in an election year, when billions of words are spewed, and many of them deserve a brickbat or two. Now that the Writing Centers daily consultations are moving to our campus Library, I will move The Brick along, too. Enjoy it and never hurl it!

Do It Have Adverse Effect For Children - 2258 Words

Do it have adverse effect for children in single family? A great deal happens in the years of life of the human, from the childish infant to the mature adulthood, emotional development starts at the beginning, even starts at the prenatal life when the infant is post-mature. Physical development begins at the womb when you just a combination of the sperm and ovum, you intake nutrition from mother, when you at birth, you already inherited the character from the parents. Also, children also need emotion nurture from parents to develop the completed personality and fulfilled character. A child’s rate of growth and development is extremely rapid. Sometimes his progress is more rapid than parents wish to realize. At†¦show more content†¦The essay will divided into two part, emotion development and physical development respectively. There are two kinds of maternal disorder that affect the emotional development. At one extreme is the mother whose self-interests are too compulsive to be abandoned,, at the other extreme is the mother who tends to be preoccupied in any case, deprive the children basic right to touch the world and to make an error. Only if there is good-enough mother does the infant start on a process of development that is personal, If the mother is not good-enough then the infant becomes a collection of reactions to impingement. The presence of mother have a great significance for infant to establish themselves as persons, different from any other infant that ever was. With no support of the mother, the infant will fail to develop alone personal lines and development naturally. Needless to say that the role played by the father in infants development, with the help of father, mother will find difficult to nurture the little baby, financial is a big problem, it is unbelievable to nuture children at the same time to be a breadwinner, in the aspect of children emotional development, what part played by

One of the Most Incredibly Overlooked Answers for Ielts Essay Topics Samples

One of the Most Incredibly Overlooked Answers for Ielts Essay Topics Samples In the present modern world, computers are a crucial part of normal life. In summary, it's obvious that computers are now part of our routine life. Utilizing a computer each and every day can have more negative than positive consequences on children. There are two primary means by which you can use the most frequent IELTS essay topics to your benefit. Thus don't get intimidated if you believe you cannot write such essays. To have a high score on your IELTS essay, you want to understand what an excellent essay is composed of. Creative essays should have a topic. You have to generate ideas during the test and produce examples from your own wisdom and experience. For that reason, it's crucial that you find out relevant points of benefits and disadvantages respectively after reading the question. As an example, children want to follow instructions, solve complex issues and utilize logic in lots of t he games that are common. Some individuals feel that we need to use traditional strategies to address our problems, others say that we need to use modern approaches. You don't wish to speak incessantly and repeat yourself just for the interest of talking, but you ought to attempt to speak as much as possible within reason. Read the question very carefully two or three times and establish what sort of essay you are being requested to write. For instance, if the essay question is asking you to provide solutions to an issue, each major body paragraph should suggest a distinctive solution. As an issue of fact, you can imagine it as the absolute most significant part the entire essay. There are then more lessons on these pages for various forms of essay and distinct questions, with a lot of ideas and strategies for achieving a high score. Candidates should first collect some totally free study materials from the web, and follow the directions and ideas given there about how to c ompose an essay. In Academic Writing, you always have to keep to the topic collection. In Speaking, don't attempt to provide a prepared speech, or chat about a different topic from the one you're requested to discuss. Students often utilize search engines to answer a question and just copy the text from a site, instead of thinking about the question. The One Thing to Do for Ielts Essay Topics Samples You may want to get started scanning the text from end to start to have a superior outcome. To put it simply, an academic essay may be an evidence of the depth of your research procedures and the rest of the activities which you've executed so you can support the content of your written output. When utilizing a template for a guide, always make sure it's applicable to the study that you're practicing or the academic area or discipline at which you will use your academic essay. Now you know the structures you should have a look at our task two sample answers to observe how they've been used in pra ctice. The Importance of Ielts Essay Topics Samples Essay writing skills is a hard and time-consuming undertaking. The simplest approach to figure out the form of an essay is to realize the writer's point of view. There's no ideal solution on the best way to compose an effective essay. Essay writing examples in doc format like the ones given may help lead you in writing a superior composition. Essay writing can be rather a challenge. An essay has to be composed of an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. Our sample essay has a straightforward but decent introduction in which it demonstrates that the examinee has knowledge of this issue and clearly states the writer's position to establish the remainder of the essay. Writing an essay is an essential role in academe life. Ielts Essay Topics Samples Secrets A well-structured essay has an excellent introduction, body paragraphs that are simple to follow and connect together, and a great conclusion. For this reason, you should have the ability to compose your introduction fairly quickly so you may begin writing your body paragraphs. While planning you generate ideas and if you're well conscious of IELTS writing task 2 types, you can choose the acceptable structure too. The course materials you require to speak about within an academic essay can reflect your degree of understanding about the matter. In all portions o f the IELTS exam, you should try and demonstrate that you've got a wide understanding of English vocabulary, make certain that you write with correct spelling and steer clear of silly little grammar mistakes. Needless to say however great your English is you still should find out the suitable approach to attack the IELTS writing test. My online IELTS Writing Practice Test will demonstrate how to improve by an entire band score in only two days. The Argument About Ielts Essay Topics Samples Life skills are extremely important and by doing voluntary work, students may learn to communicate with others and work in a team but also how to control their time and enhance their organisation abilities. Students will also get more respect towards work and money since they will realise it is not that simple to earn them and hopefully will learn how to spend them in a more practical way. Concentrate on the item as it might pass very fast, so make sure to don't spend an excessive amount of time any question or text. Start from beginning of the exam, if you're not able to answer, don't waste your time and continue on to next one. You are able to re-visit the question later, in case you have time. The majority of the questions are on current topics, therefore staying updated with what's going on in the world will truly help you think of ideas.

Early Childhood Curriculum and Teaching Methods Free Essays

All kids develop their accomplishments on their ain clip tabular array, hence, in a room of three to five twelvemonth old kids non all of them will be at the same developmental degree. Teachers must be able to make a course of study that encompasses the full schoolroom. This means that they need to let room for flexibleness and creativeness and must calculate out a manner to modify certain plans so that all kids, even those that do non larn as quickly, can see success. We will write a custom essay sample on Early Childhood Curriculum and Teaching Methods or any similar topic only for you Order Now Students are extremely influenced by their instructor and their milieus, hence, pedagogues must do certain that they are act uponing the pupils in a positive manner. The things that we say and do are easy absorbed by small ears that we do non believe here us. Steering the children/ pupils through educational work is one facet of being a instructor, nevertheless, the other half is assisting them to construct their character and understand good ethical motives and values. We must care for our children/ pupils for each of their ain single abilities and endowments, acknowledging that everyone has something different to offer. Not merely are the instructors able to learn the pupils, the children/ pupils can besides learn us something new every twenty-four hours. These immature, delicate heads are so ready to larn, so we should take advantage of it while we have the opportunity. One important facet in making a developmentally appropriate course of study for a immature kid is being able to set out the right sum and type of supplies in the kids ‘s larning countries. For case, seting out paper, gum and scissors for an art undertaking that lone requires cutting and gluing would be more productive than pelting the kid with unneeded supplies such as pigment, coppices, twine and glister. Overwhelming them with excessively many options merely confuses the pupil which in bend, blocks their creativeness. It is all about cognizing the immature pupils, instructors should be able to learn them and supply the appropriate things they will necessitate for that point in their lives. It will besides profit all instructors to familiarise themselves with the many developmental theories. Jean Piaget came up with the theory of cognitive development, which is fundamentally the manner that a kid learns and thinks. ( Spodek, A ; Saracho, 2003 ) quoted one of Piaget ‘s articles that stated a kid ‘s system of idea develops through a series of phases, common to all kids of all civilizations. Piaget ‘s theory is broken down into four phases ; Sensorimotor phase, Preoperational phase, Concrete Operational phase and Formal Operations phase. Educators need to take these theories/stages and learn from them. Not one theory is right or incorrect, hence, instructors need to entwine them and larn from each one. Gathering all of this cognition will merely assist them carry through the kids ‘s demands. There are besides six countries of development that instructors must embrace and do all six countries the foundation of a immature kid ‘s course of study. Harmonizing to Kagan and Kogan ( 1970 ) Teachers can assist a kid in cognitive development by exposing them to multiply chances. For illustration, literature, music, scientific discipline, creativeness and math all play a function in imitating a kid ‘s encephalon map. It is imperative that instructors be supportive and promoting to their pupils as they embark upon this journey and must supply an ambiance for a kid to pattern his or her physical development, paying attending to the big and all right motor accomplishments. Running, jumping, processing and puting up obstruction classs all help to develop the big motor accomplishments. It is besides of import that early instruction instructors help their pupils in the procedure of developing societal accomplishments. Students must larn how to make relationships with people that are outside of their household in order to derive adequate ego assurance and let them to experience more secure. Puting a kid into a group gives him/her the chance to develop individual to individual relationships. This will learn the kid communicating accomplishments and see the feelings of his/her equals every bit good as his/her ain personal feelings. Through this procedure a kid will larn to portion and negotiate, it will besides assist the kid to hold empathy for others. For all of this to be achieved, a kid must hold interaction with others on a regular footing. Childs have a million emotions, and the smallest thing will easy put them off. These emotions can run from cryings, to frights and besides to full blown fits. It is common to happen a kid that will demo a big sum of aggression towards his or her equals. It is the instructor ‘s duty to assist their kids in understanding the manner they are experiencing and offer them positive ways to cover with the emotion. Teaching them how to utilize their words right can assist them to get the better of many obstructions. The last of the six countries trades with creativeness, which can most easy be expressed through art. It has been said that art is a manner of pass oning our feelings without the usage of words. Offering pupils a broad scope of art supplies will let them to make whatever comes to their head. A instructor must ne’er judge or knock a kid ‘s work, but instead merely look up to it as an extension of them. Exposing our kids to their ain art every bit good as art created by others will merely assist to enrich a kid ‘s life. Teachers must besides honour all of their pupils as persons. It does non count how they look, where they come from, how good behaved or non behaved a kid might be. Children come from assorted backgrounds and holding kids that come from different backgrounds truly provides a door of chance for all. Making a course of study that revolves around households, encourages pupils to portion their households history. By demoing enthusiasm, it will assist the kid experience proud and value where they come from. It will besides assist the kid to understand how much the instructors value them for their ain individualism. This will broaden the positions of everyone in the category, making an anti-bias schoolroom environment. Today one can read a course of study the manner he or she reads the twenty-four hours ‘s newspaper, for in it one can see the breaks in our society. Often, the course of study becomes a conflict land for viing political and cultural thoughts ( Sadker A ; Zittleman, 2009, pg. 353. A The job with the course of study is that many groups can act upon it ; groups such as publishing houses, instructors, pupils, parents, decision makers, the federal, province, and local authoritiess, national trials, instruction committees and commissions, professional organisations, and particular involvement groups. The move toward capable affair criterions and statewide testing has besides added another powerful force act uponing what is taught in schools. I believe the formal course of study should non be a fixed class of survey but shouldA alteration to reflect the values of the clip and the demand of the pupils. Students with particular demands can surge in schoolrooms designed to run into thei r demands, but flounder when they are unsuitably placed in regular categories. Teachers can construe and accommodate whatever official text or course of study usher has been assigned, emphasizing certain points in a text while giving limited attending to others. But I besides do back up the thought of holding standards-based instruction merely for math and scienceA that specifies exactly what pupils should larn, focuses the course of study and direction on run intoing these criterions, and provides continual proving to see if the criterions are achieved. TheA course of study must include aims and activities that Teach pupils how to continue the past, but non be limited by it. Students must larn to work efficaciously in the present, and fix for the hereafter, and the course of study should be antiphonal to these alterations. ( Sadker, 2005 ) . To win as an eduactor, one needs to cognize when to step back and allow the environment go the 3rd instructor. He or she must larn to be a facilitator and understand how to put up an environment for a immature kid. This country must be safe, for case no glass or chemicals that a kid can acquire a clasp of, and besides supplied with proper stuffs. Teachers need to stand back and observe ; merely offering words of encouragement. This is where kids move out their frights, Tell narratives, and larn to get by with mundane life. Donovan and Burns ( 2002 ) demonstrate that kids come into the universe tidal bore to learnaˆÂ ¦ there is no inquiry that the environment in which a kid grows up has a powerful impact on how the kid develops and what the kid learns. Children are really sensitive, and this enables them to be cognizant of everything that is traveling on around them. We need to supply them with an ambiance that is strong and stable, leting them to distribute their wings and fly. How to cite Early Childhood Curriculum and Teaching Methods, Essay examples

Virtual Reality

Virtual Reality What it is and How it Works Essay Imagine being able to point into the sky and fly. Orperhaps walk through space and connect molecules together. These are some of the dreams that have come with theinvention of virtual reality. With the introduction ofcomputers, numerous applications have been enhanced orcreated. The newest technology that is being tapped is thatof artificial reality, or virtual reality (VR). WhenMorton Heilig first got a patent for his SensoramaSimulator in 1962, he had no idea that 30 years laterpeople would still be trying to simulate reality and thatthey would be doing it so effectively. Jaron Lanier firstcoined the phrase virtual reality around 1989, and it hasstuck ever since. Unfortunately, this catchy name hascaused people to dream up incredible uses for thistechnology including using it as a sort of drug. This becameevident when, among other people, Timothy Leary becameinterested in VR. This has also worried some of theresearchers who are trying to create very real applicationsfor medical, space, physical, chemical, and entertainmentuses among other things. We will write a custom essay on Virtual Reality What it is and How it Works specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In order to create this alternate reality, however, youneed to find ways to create the illusion of reality with apiece of machinery known as the computer. This is done withseveral computer-user interfaces used to simulate thesenses. Among these, are stereoscopic glasses to make thesimulated world look real, a 3D auditory display to givedepth to sound, sensor lined gloves to simulate tactilefeedback, and head-trackers to follow the orientation of thehead.Since the technology is fairly young, theseinterfaces have not been perfected, making for a somewhatcartoonish simulated reality. Stereoscopic vision is probably the most importantfeature of VR because in real life, people rely mainly onvision to get places and do things. The eyes areapproximately 6.5 centimeters apart, and allow you to have afull-colour, three-dimensional view of the world. Stereoscopy, in itself, is not a very new idea, but the newtwist is trying to generate completely new images in real-time. In 1933, Sir Charles Wheatstone invented the firststereoscope with the same basic principle being used intodays head-mounted displays. Presenting different viewsto each eye gives the illusion of three dimensions. Theglasses that are used today work by using what is called anelectronic shutter. The lenses of the glasses interleavethe left-eye and right-eye views every thirtieth of asecond. The shutters selectively block and admit views ofthe screen in sync with the interleaving, allowing theproper views to go into each eye. The problem with thismethod though is that you have to wear special glasses. Most VR researchers use complicated headsets, but it ispossible to create stereoscopic three-dimensional imageswithout them. One such way is through the use of lenticularlenses. These lenses, known since Herman Ives experimentedwith them in 1930, allow one to take two images, cut theminto thin vertical slices and interleave them in preciseorder (also called multiplexing) and put cylinder shapedlenses in front of them so that when you look into themdirectly, the images correspond with each eye. Thisillusion of depth is based on what is called binocularparallax. Another problem that is solved is that whichoccurs when one turns their head. Nearby objects appear tomove more than distant objects. This is called motionparallax. Lenticular screens can show users the properstereo images when moving their heads well when a head-motion sensor is used to adjust the effect. Sound is another important part of daily life, and thusmust be simulated well in order to create artificialreality. Many scientists including Dr. Elizabeth Wenzel, aresearcher at NASA, are convinced the 3D audio will beuseful for scientific visualization and space applicationsin the ways the 3D video is somewhat limited. She has comeup with an interesting use for virtual sound that wouldallow an astronaut to hear the state of their oxygen, orhave an acoustical beacon that directs one to a trouble spoton a satellite. The Convolvotron is one such device thatsimulates the location of up to four audio channels with asort of imaginary sphere surrounding the listener. Thisdevice takes into account that each person has specializedauditory signal processing, and personalizes what eachperson hears. Using a position sensor from Polhemus, another VRresearch company, it is possible to move the position ofsound by simply moving a small cube around in your hand. The key to the Convolvotron is something called the Head-Related Transfer Function (HRTF), which is a set ofmathematically modelable responses that our ears impose onthe signals they get from the air. In order to develop theHRTF, researchers had to sit people in an anechoic roomsurrounded with 144 different speakers to measure theeffects of hearing precise sounds from every direction byusing tiny microphone probes placed near the eardrums of thelistener. The way in which those microphones distorted thesound from all directions was a specific model of the waythat persons ears impose a complex signal on incoming soundwaves in order to encode it in their spatial environment. The map of the results is then converted to numbers and acomputer performs about 300 million operations per second(MIPS) to create a numerical model based on the HRTF whichmakes it possible to reconfigure any sound source so that itappears to be coming from any number of different pointswithin the acoustic sphere. This portion of a VR system can really enhance the visualand tactile responses. Imagine hearing the sound offootsteps behind you in a dark alley late at night. That ishow important 3D sound really is. The third important sense that we use in everyday life isthat of touch. There is no way of avoiding the feeling oftouch, and thus this is one of the technologies that isbeing researched upon most feverishly. The two main typesof feedback that are being researched are that of force-reflection feedback and tactile feedback. Force feedbackdevices exert a force against the user when they try to pushsomething in a virtual world that is heavy. Tactilefeedback is the sensation of feeling an object such as thetexture of sandpaper. Both are equally important in thedevelopment of VR. Currently, the most successful development in force-reflective feedback is that of the Argonne RemoteManipulator (ARM). It consists of a group of articulatedjoints, encoiled by long bunches of electrical cables. TheARM allows for six degrees of movement (position andorientation) to give a true feel of movement. Suspendedfrom the ceiling and connected by a wire to the computer,this machine grants a user the power to reach out andmanipulate 3D objects that are not real. As is the case atthe University of North Carolina, it is possible to dockmolecules using VR. Simulating molecular forces andtranslating them into physical forces allows the ARM to pushback at the user if he tries to dock the moleculesincorrectly. .u7ee18bfca424b33dadeb80b70527cc3d , .u7ee18bfca424b33dadeb80b70527cc3d .postImageUrl , .u7ee18bfca424b33dadeb80b70527cc3d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7ee18bfca424b33dadeb80b70527cc3d , .u7ee18bfca424b33dadeb80b70527cc3d:hover , .u7ee18bfca424b33dadeb80b70527cc3d:visited , .u7ee18bfca424b33dadeb80b70527cc3d:active { border:0!important; } .u7ee18bfca424b33dadeb80b70527cc3d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7ee18bfca424b33dadeb80b70527cc3d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7ee18bfca424b33dadeb80b70527cc3d:active , .u7ee18bfca424b33dadeb80b70527cc3d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7ee18bfca424b33dadeb80b70527cc3d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7ee18bfca424b33dadeb80b70527cc3d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7ee18bfca424b33dadeb80b70527cc3d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7ee18bfca424b33dadeb80b70527cc3d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7ee18bfca424b33dadeb80b70527cc3d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7ee18bfca424b33dadeb80b70527cc3d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7ee18bfca424b33dadeb80b70527cc3d .u7ee18bfca424b33dadeb80b70527cc3d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7ee18bfca424b33dadeb80b70527cc3d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Key Human Resource Activities Of Reliance Communications Commerce EssayTactile feedback is just as important as force feedbackin allowing the user to feel computer-generated objects. There are several methods for providing tactile feedback. Some of these include inflating air bladders in a glove,arrays of tiny pins moved by shape memory wires, and evenfingertip piezoelectric vibrotactile actuators. The lattermethod uses tiny crystals that vibrate when an electriccurrent stimulates them. This design has not really takenoff however, but the other two methods are being moreactively researched. According to a report called TactileSensing in Humans and Robots, distortions inside the skinscause mechanosensitive nerve terminals to respond withelectrical impulses. Each impulse is approximately 50 to100mV in magnitude and 1 ms in duration. However, thefrequency of the impulses (up to a maximum of 500/s) dependson the intensity of the combination of the stresses in thearea near the receptor which is responsive. In other words,the sensors which affect pressure in the skin are allbasically the same, but can convey a message over and overto give the feeling of pressure. Therefore, in order tohave any kind of tactile response system, there must be afrequency of about 500 Hz in order to simulate the tactileaccuracy of the human. Right now however, the gloves being usedare used as input devices. One such device is that called theDataGlove. This well-fitting glove has bundles of opticfibers attached at the knuckles and joints. Light is passedthrough these optic fibers at one end of the glove. When afinger is bent, the fibers also bend, and the amount oflight that is allowed through the fiber can be converted todetermine the location at which the user is. The type ofglove that is wanted is one that can be used as an input andoutput device. Jim Hennequin has worked on an Air Musclethat inflates and deflates parts of a glove to allow thefeeling of various kinds of pressure. Unfortunately at thistime, the feel it creates is somewhat crude. The companyTiNi is exploring the possibility of using shape memoryalloys to create tactile response devices. TiNi uses analloy called nitinol as the basis for a small grid of whatlo ok like ballpoint-pen tips. Nitinol can take the shape ofwhatever it is cast in, and can be reshaped. Then when itis electrically stimulated, the alloy it can return to itsoriginal cast shape. The hope is that in the future some ofthese techniques will be used to form a complete body suitthat can simulate tactile sensation. Being able to determine where in the virtual world meansyou need to have orientation and position trackers to followthe movements of the head and other parts of the body thatare interfacing with the computer. Many companies havedeveloped successful methods of allowing six degrees offreedom including Polhemus Research, and Shooting StarTechnology. Six degrees of freedom refers to a combinationcartesian coordinate system and an orientation system withrotation angles called roll, pitch and yaw. The ADL-1 fromShooting Star is a sophisticated and inexpensive (relativeto other trackers) 6D tracking system which is mounted onthe head, and converts position and orientation informationinto a readable form for the computer. The machinecalculates head/object position by the use of a lightweight,multiply-jointed arm. Sensors mounted on this arm measurethe angles of the joints. The computer-based control unituses these angles to compute position-orientationinformation so that the user can manipul ate a virtual world. The joint angle transducers use conductive plasticpotentiometers and ball bearings so that this machine isheavy duty. Time-lag is eliminated by the direct-readingtransducers and high speed microprocessor, allowing for amaximum update rate of approximately 300measurements/second. Another system developed by Ascension Technology doesbasically the same thing as the ADL-1, but the sensor is inthe form of a small cube which can fit in the users hand orin a computer mouse specially developed to encase it. TheAscension Bird is the first system that generates and sensesDC magnetic fields. The Ascension Bird first measures theearths magnetic field and then the steady magnetic fieldgenerated by the transmitter. The earths field is thensubtracted from the total, which allows one to yield trueposition and orientation measurements.The existingelectromagnetic systems transmit a rapidly varying AC field. As this field varies, eddy currents are induced in nearbymetals which causes the metals to become electromagnetswhich distort the measurements. The Ascension Bird uses asteady DC magnetic filed which does not create an eddycurrent. The update rate of the Bird is 100measurements/second. However, the Bird has a small lag ofabout 1/60th of a second which is noticeable. Researchers have also thought about supporting the othersenses such as taste and smell, but have decided that it isunfeasible to do. Smell would be possible, and wouldenhance reality, but there is a certain problem with thefact that there is only a limited spectrum of smells thatcould be simulated. Taste is basically a disgusting premisefrom most standpoints. It might be useful for entertainmentpurposes, but has almost no purpose for researchers ordevelopers. For one thing, people would have to put somekind of receptors in their mouths and it would be veryunsanitary. Thus, the main senses that are relied on in avirtual reality are sight, touch, and hearing. Applications of Virtual RealityVirtual Reality has promise for nearly every industryranging from architecture and design to movies andentertainment, but the real industry to gain from thistechnology is science, in general. The money that can besaved examining the feasibility of experiments in anartificial world before they are done could be great, andthe money saved on energy used to operate such things aswind tunnels quite large. The best example of how VR can help science is that ofthe molecular docking experiments being done in ChapelHill, North Carolina. Scientists at the University of NorthCarolina have developed a system that simulated the bondingof molecules. But instead of using complicated formulas todetermine bonding energy, or illegible stick drawings, thepotential chemist can don a high-tech head-mounted display,attach themselves to an artificial arm from the ceiling andactually push the molecules together to determine whether ornot they can be connected. The chemical bonding processtakes on a sort of puzzle-like quality, in which evenchildren could learn to form bonds using a trial and errormethod. .u57e6e870322cf4ef79a8c7ea75575304 , .u57e6e870322cf4ef79a8c7ea75575304 .postImageUrl , .u57e6e870322cf4ef79a8c7ea75575304 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u57e6e870322cf4ef79a8c7ea75575304 , .u57e6e870322cf4ef79a8c7ea75575304:hover , .u57e6e870322cf4ef79a8c7ea75575304:visited , .u57e6e870322cf4ef79a8c7ea75575304:active { border:0!important; } .u57e6e870322cf4ef79a8c7ea75575304 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u57e6e870322cf4ef79a8c7ea75575304 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u57e6e870322cf4ef79a8c7ea75575304:active , .u57e6e870322cf4ef79a8c7ea75575304:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u57e6e870322cf4ef79a8c7ea75575304 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u57e6e870322cf4ef79a8c7ea75575304 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u57e6e870322cf4ef79a8c7ea75575304 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u57e6e870322cf4ef79a8c7ea75575304 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u57e6e870322cf4ef79a8c7ea75575304:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u57e6e870322cf4ef79a8c7ea75575304 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u57e6e870322cf4ef79a8c7ea75575304 .u57e6e870322cf4ef79a8c7ea75575304-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u57e6e870322cf4ef79a8c7ea75575304:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Feelings through Flippancy Arts Deceptive Imitation of Life EssayArchitectural designers have also found that VR can beuseful in visualizing what their buildings will look likewhen they are put together. Often, using a 2D diagram torepresent a 3D home is confusing, and the people that fundlarge projects would like to be able to see what they arepaying for before it is constructed. An example which isfascinating would be that of designing an elementary school. Designers could walk in the school from a childsperspective to gain insight on how high that water fountainis, or how narrow the halls are. Product designers couldalso use VR in similar ways to test their products. NASA and other aerospace facilities are concentratingresearch on such things as human factors engineering,virtual prototyping of buildings and military devices,aerodynamic analysis, flight simulation, 3D datavisualization, satellite position fixing, and planetaryexploration simulations. Such things as virtual windtunnels have been in development for a couple years andcould save money and energy for aerospace companies. Medical researchers have been using VR techniques tosynthesize diagnostic images of a patients body to dopredictive modeling of radiation treatment using imagescreated by ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and X-ray. A radiation therapist in a virtual would could viewand expose a tumour at any angle and then model specificdoses and configurations of radiation beams to aim at thetumour more effectively. Since radiation destroys humantissue easily, there is no allowance for error. Also, doctors could use virtual cadavers to practicerare operations which are tough to perform. This is anexcellent use because one could perform the operation overand over without the worry of hurting any human life. However, this sort of practice may have its limitationsbecause of the fact that it is only a virtual world. Aswell, at this time, the computer-user interfaces are notwell enough developed and it is estimated that it will take5 to 10 years to develop this technology. In Japan, a company called Matsushita Electric World Ltd. is using VR to sell their products. They employ a VPLResearch head-mounted display linked to a high-poweredcomputer to help prospective customers design their ownkitchens. Being able to see what your kitchen will looklike before you actually refurnish could help you save fromcostly mistakes in the future. The entertainment industry stands to gain a lot from VR. With the video game revolution of bigger and better gamescoming out all the time, this could be the biggestbreakthrough ever. It would be fantastic to have swordfights which actually feel real. As well, virtual movies(also called vroomies) are being developed with allow theviewer to interact with the characters in the movie. Universal Studios among others is developing a virtualreality amusement park which will incorporate these gamesand vroomies. As it stands, almost every industry has something to gainfrom VR and in the years to comes, it appears that thepossibilities are endless. The Future of Virtual RealityIn the coming years, as more research is done we arebound to see VR become as mainstay in our homes and at work. As the computers become faster, they will be able to createmore realistic graphic images to simulate reality better. As well, new interfaces will be developed which willsimulate force and tactile feedback more effectively toenhance artificial reality that much more. This is thebirth of a new technology and it will be interesting to seehow it develops in the years to come. However, it may takelonger than people think for it to come into the mainstream. Millions of dollars in research must be done, and onlyselect industries can afford to pay for this. Hopefully, itwill be sooner than later though. It is very possible that in the future we will becommunicating with virtual phones. Nippon Telephone andTelegraph (NTT) in Japan is developing a system which willallow one person to see a 3D image of the other using VRtechniques.In the future, it is conceivable thatbusinessmen may hold conferences in a virtual meeting hallwhen they are actually at each ends of the world. NTT isdeveloping a new method of telephone transmission usingfiber optics which will allow for much larger amounts ofinformation to be passed through the phone lines. Thissystem is called the Integrated Services Digital Network(ISDN) which will help allow VR to be used in conjunctionwith other communication methods. Right now, it is very expensive to purchase, with thehead-mounted display costing anywhere from about $20,000 to$1,000,000 for NASAs Super Cockpit. In the future, VR willbe available to the end-user at home for under $1000 andwill be of better quality than that being developed today. The support for it will be about as good as it is currentlyfor plain computers, and it is possible that VR could becomea very useful teaching tool. Sources of InformationBooks and PeriodicalsBenningfield, Damond. The Virtues of Virtual Reality.Star Date, July/Aug. 1991, pp. 14-15. Burrill, William. Virtual Reality. Toronto Star, 13 July1991, pp. J1-3. Brill, Louis M. Facing Interface Issues. ComputerGraphics World, April 1992, pp. 48-58. Daviss, Bennett. Grand Illusions. Discover, June 1990,pp. 36-41. Emmett, Arielle. Down to Earth: Practical Applications ofVirtual Reality Find Commercial Uses.Computer Graphics World, March 1992, pp. 46-54. Peterson, Ivars. Recipes for Artificial Realities.Science News, 24 Nov. 1990, pp. 328-329. Peterson, Ivars. Looking-Glass Worlds. Science News,4 Jan 1992, pp. 8-15. Porter, Stephen. Virtual Reality. Computer GraphicsWorld, March 1992, pp. 42-43. Rheingold, Howard. Virtual Reality. Toronto: Summit Books,1991. Tisdale, Sallie. Its Been Real. Esquire, April 1991,pp. 36-40. Various. Virtual Reality Special Report. San Francisco:Meckler Publishing, 1992. Companies Contacted:Ascension Technology Corp. P.O Box 527Burlington, VT 05402(802)655-7879Polhemus Inc. P.O Box 560Colchester, VT 05446(802)655-3159Shooting Star Technology1921 Holdom Ave. Burnaby, BC V5B 3W4(604)298-8574Virtual TechnologiesP.O. Box 5984Stanford, CA 94309(415)599-2331VPL Research Inc. 656 Bair Island Rd. Third FloorRedwood City, CA 94063(415)361-1710

Evolution of Theoretical Knowledge of nursing

Evolution of Theoretical Knowledge of nursing The ultimate goal of the nurse is to maintain, and restore the health of the patient. Nursing is considered both a "science" and an "art". The application of nursing knowledge and the technical aspects of the practice is considered the "science". The establishment of a caring relationship through the application of nursing knowledge and judgment is used in a compassionate manner and is seen as an "art". (College of Nurses 1999 June Nursing and You Volume1, number 3 p3)This paper will attempt to explain the four concepts of the nursing metapardigm as it relates to the person environment, health and nursing. A person is seen as an individual possessing their own uniqueness, personalities and having their individual needs. A person should be treated with respect and dignity regardless of their cultural, religious, socio-economic class, marital status or sexual preferences. The individual should not encounter any bias or discrimination in school, employment or when the need arises for me dical care.Nurse log, Quinault Rain Forest Nature TrailEach person has their basic needs that must be met while progressing through the different stages of development. One should be given choices, and be allowed to have an input in their care or treatment plan. They should be allowed to excel and strive to achieve their goals. Be able to reside and work in their chosen location and field as long as they are qualified for the job.They are usually part of a family belonging to a cultural group, living within a community or region of their choice. The environment can be open or closed. It can contribute to the building or endangering of the persons self esteem. One might adapt to the environment depending on one's personal preference. A person might be seen in the eyes of others as the product of their environment that might be...

List of European Languages Spoken in the EU

List of European Languages Spoken in the EU The continent of Europe is made up of 45 different countries and covers an area of 3,930,000 square miles (10,180,000 sq km). As such, it is a highly diverse place with many different cuisines, cultures, and languages. The European Union (EU) alone has 27 different member states and there are 23 official languages spoken in it. Official Languages of the European Union To be an official language of the European Union, the language must be both an official and a working language within a member state. For example, French is the official language in France, which is a member state of the European Union, and thus it is also an official language of the EU. By contrast, there are many minority languages spoken by groups in countries throughout the EU. While these minority languages are important to those groups, they are not official and working languages of the governments of those countries; thus, they are not official languages of the EU. A List of the EUs Official Languages The following is a list of the 23 official languages of the EU arranged in alphabetical order: 1) Bulgarian2) Czech3) Danish4) Dutch5) English6) Estonian7) Finnish8) French9) German10) Greek11) Hungarian12) Irish13) Italian14) Latvian15) Lithuanian16) Maltese17) Polish18) Portuguese19) Romanian20) Slovak21) Slovene22) Spanish23) Swedish ReferencesEuropean Commission Multilingualism. (24 November 2010). European Commission - EU Languages and Language Policy.Wikipedia.org. (29 December 2010). Europe - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuropeWikipedia.org. (8 December 2010). Languages of Europe - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Europe

Hierarchical Structure in a Modern Organization Essay

Hierarchical Structure in a Modern Organization - Essay Example In the modern day organizations’ context, the employees’ working within the organization need a supervision that facilitates them to have a clear vision with regard to the organizational goals as well as initiates and influences them to attain or accomplish the desired goals. It has been apparently observed that in the modern day organizational context, prompt decision making has become almost synonymous to every day transactions made within the organization, thus a clear focus that is generally present amid the top level hierarchy facilitates to right decisions and the right time without much fault. The study will also include the counter arguments with respect to the relevance of the hierarchy within the organizations. The existence of the flatten organization is quite unmanageable at times. The invisible hierarchy remains within the flatten organizations as well. If the employees are bestowed with the responsibility to take the decisions freely without any supervisio n, the power- conflict arises within the organizations. Thus, the existence of the flatten structure without any centralized control within the organization can cause both short-term and long-term hindrances within the organizational premises. The relationship between the hierarchy and the â€Å"the tyranny of invisible† and the difference between the hierarchy and the hierarchism will also be included within the study. The existence of the rhizomes structure within the organization also forms an objective of this study.... ost synonymous to every day transactions made within the organization, thus a clear focus that is generally present amid the top level hierarchy facilitates to right decisions and the right time without much fault. The study will also include the counter arguments with respect to the relevance of the hierarchy within the organizations. The existence of the flatten organization is quite unmanageable at times. The invisible hierarchy remains within the flatten organizations as well. If the employees are bestowed with the responsibility to take the decisions freely without any supervision, the power- conflict arises within the organizations. Thus, the existence of the flatten structure without any centralized control within the organization can cause both short-term and long-term hindrances within the organizational premises. The relationship between the hierarchy and the â€Å"the tyranny of invisible† and the difference between the hierarchy and the hierarchism will also be inc luded within the study. The existence of the rhizomes structure within the organization also forms an objective of this study. Thesis Statement Hierarchy is sustainably/fundamentally relevant in the modern day organization. The Sustainable/Fundamental Relevance of Hierarchy in the Modern Day Organization Modern day organizations have various structural options. The structural options range from the traditional structure towards the better innovative and flexible schemes. The hierarchies differ within the structures and the effectiveness of the different structural scenarios followed within the organization upon the compliance of the structural framework with that of the strategic objective of the company/organization (Nestle, 2011). The various structures comprise the functional structure, the team

Discuss American experience in Vietnam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discuss American experience in Vietnam - Essay Example Similarly, John F. Kennedy illustrated this by saying that "The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring this endeavor [defending freedom] will light our country and all who serve it- and the glow from that fire can truly light the world"5, and this became one of the reasons why America found itself duty-bound to intervene into Vietnam. When we look at the region in which the war took place, the war encompassed a bigger conflict of the region including the adjacent countries of Laos and Cambodia, which was also known as the Second Indochina War. Vietnamese remember this combat as the American War (Vietnamese Chin Tranh Chng My Cu Nc, which when translated into English is "War against the Americans and to Save the Nation"). A look at the past wars in the region reveals that, the First Indochina War was the French Indochina War in which the French, in order to maintain their control of their colony located in Indochina, had to come to blows in this region against an uprising independence movement which was headed by a Communist Leader Ho Chi Minh. The Vietnam War was a succession of this confrontation. According to many the Vietnam War has not gone down in to history the way it truly occurred, for example according to Richard M. Nixon "No event in American history is more misunderstood than the Vietnam War. It was misreported then, and it is misremembered now."2 There are diverse views on whether America lost the war or not but, Henry Kissinger said on one occasion that, "The Vietnam War required us to emphasize the national interest rather than abstract principles. What President Nixon and I tried to do was unnatural. And that is why we didn't make it."3 This can also be taken as a lesson, that in all situations abstract principles, need to be stressed upon more than, just national interest. Another lesson is never to take undemocratic moves before going to war. America was long before at war, before the American public realized it. This move of Lyndon B. Johnson, the 36th President of the United States, was undemocratic. Lyndon B. Johnson heightened the involvement of America in the Vietnam War from increasing the number of American soldiers from 16,000 in 1963 to 500,000 in early 1968. Keeping the masses in deception is not a good policy also. It is not so wise to call the bombing of some other country anything else than war. But Lyndon Johnson and McNamara formed a false impression that the attacks which were being made on North Vietnam were alternatives to war, instead of war itself. Since bombs cause destruction and death so they can not be called 'communication', especially for those who become the victim of those bombs. After the U.S was truly at war with Vietnam, Pentagon had predicted

The Human Resource Management

This paper is written from the perspective that Human Resource Management (HRM) practices are continually evolving to meet the changes of dynamic work environments. New technologies, increasingly rapid exchanges of information, social paradigm shifts and the restructuring of family systems contribute heavily to the need to find and apply methods of HRM that meet the needs of industry, workers and consumers. To do so effectively, vision and creativity are required in addition to on-going awareness of the bottom line. At the opening of the 20th century, the majority of jobs in America were held in two areas, agriculture and industry. Population distribution tables for that time demonstrate that most of the nation inhabited rural areas rather than urban areas. This continued to be the trend up until WWII, when men left the country to fight and women left rural America to fill factory jobs as their contribution to the war effort. This movement was the beginning of nationwide workplace and societal changes that have accelerated during the last half of the 20th century. The move from rural to suburban environments changed the way we did business as a nation. Where extended families resided in and supported each other in culturally defined rural settings, nuclear families found themselves alone in homogenous neighborhoods. (1) This created a demand for goods and services that were formerly provided by extended family and community members, opening up new markets and creating jobs. It also created the need to recognize the management of workers as a separate and formal discipline. As we move into the 21st century we can trace our nations† business growth over the last 100 years. We moved from an agrarian base to an industrial one. By the mid-50s† the majority of jobs were found in factories. Manufacturing suffered heavy blows during the late 60†³s and early seventies and was displaced by the service industry. With the closing of the 20th century those services have become increasingly technological. Surviving those changes requires adaptation, not only in the retooling of physical plants and the retraining workers, but also in the way we manage those workers. Some feel that there appears to be an underlying theme in books and papers on the subject of HRM, that there is only one correct way to manage people. (2) Maslow on Management offers a much different approach, demonstrating conclusively that one size does not fit all; i.e., that different people need to be managed differently. HMR models operating on the assumption that there is a single right way to manage people are using workplace criteria that are quickly becoming a thing of the past. The â€Å"one way† model views people working for an organization as employees who work full time and are solely dependent on that organization for their livelihood and their careers. These employees generally were viewed as subordinates with limited or very narrow skill sets. (3) These images of the worker may have been valid several decades ago. However, today every one of these images has become insupportable. While the majority of people working for an organization may be classified as employees, a very large and steadily growing minority – by working for the organization – no longer work as employees, but instead as outsource contractors. The concept of subordinate positions is fading as well, even in those areas that are considered fairly low level. As technology becomes increasingly more complex special knowledge is required in all operations. Subordinates, increasing their skill sets, become associates. The secretary, with knowledge of specialized software, becomes the Administrative Assistant. In order for the organization to run smoothly, the individual who does his job well, often has more knowledge about his job than his boss. (4) For example, the vice president of marketing may know a great deal about selling, but nothing about market research, pricing, packaging, service, or sales forecasting. Workers in these positions may report to the vice president, but are often experts in their own areas. Formerly, lower technological expectations and a firmly established hierarchy allowed general managers to delegate narrowly defined personnel responsibilities to those functioning as specialists. Today however, such practices would be inefficient to the point of being considered static, and must be replaced. To fail to do so would be to ignore and fail to address the many unprecedented pressures that demand a comprehensive and more strategic view in relation to the organizations† human resources. From the view point of General Management, what does the organization need? The General Mangement picture of HRM is viewed from a global perspective, as demonstrated by a survey of Fortune 500 CEOs in 1989. The results of that survey determined that effective management of Human Resources must address corporate needs in the eight following areas: 1. Increasing international competition makes the need for greatly improved human production mandatory. The crisis experienced in both the automobile and steel industries serve as clear illustrations. Foreign management practices, particularly Japanese management models, are being used to guide developing HRM techniques, especially those that seem to increase employee commitment while providing companies with a long term source of workers with necessary competencies and skills. 2. As organizations increase in size and complexity layer upon layer of management has resulted in expensive, but not particularly effective, bureaucracies. Multiple layers of management also serve to isolate workers from the competitive environment in which organizations operate as well as company policy makers. It†s hoped that a reduction of middle management layering will put workers closer to the competitive environment, fostering commitment to the organization as well as sharpening the competitive edge. Multinational companies have additional challenges in managing human resources, and need to adapt policies to work within diverse cultures and vastly different social values. 3. Some companies may face declining markets or slower growth, handicapping the organizations† ability to offer advancement opportunities and job security. How then to attract and retrain a competent and highly skilled work force? 4. Greater government involvement in human resource practices generates a need to re-examine HRM policies and mandates the development of new policies. For example, the Americans with Disabilities Act forced the revision of HRM policies in companies across the nation. 5. America†s workforce has become increasingly more educated making it necessary to rethink assumptions about employee capabilities and the delegation of responsibilities. Under utilization of employee talent is a major cause of workforce turnover. 6. Expectations and the values of the workforce are changing, particularly those values and expectations relative to authority. This fosters a need to reexamine how much involvement and influence workers should be given. Means of voicing employee concerns and addressing those concerns with due process need to be provided. 7. As workers become more concerned with life and career satisfaction corporations are revisiting traditional career paths and seeking more alternative career paths that take into consideration employee lifestyle needs. 8. Demographic shifts in the workforce, particularly the infusion of women and minorities into organizations, are causing corporations to reexamine all policies, practices and values that impact the treatment, responsibilities, and advancement of these groups. (5) How do universal General Management issues affect HRM departments and practices? While narrower in scope than those concerns voiced by General Management, impact areas identified by HRM professionals closely mirrored major corporate needs identified by General Managers. Human Resource professionals, in an effort to meet the needs of both worker and organization, have examined ways to ensure a desired working environment while increasing productivity. In the early 1990s, the advisory board of the Commerce Clearing House were asked to identify the issues that they felt would shape the role of human resource functions in the next decade. Commerce Clearing House advisory board members saw four main HRM areas where current issues would influence the role of the human resource function in the near future: compensation; communication and personnel practices; employment relations; and Equal Employment Opprtunity requirments. (6) Compensation issues focused on the diversity of worker needs, pay-for-performance plans, and the regulation of employee benefit plans. Flexibility and adaptability in HRM practices are primary keys in addressing worker needs. Job sharing, staggered scheduling and flex time are some of the outcomes generated by creative approaches to HRM practices. Pay-for-performance plans hold the allure of rewarding productivity while providing monetary motivation. Successful implementation of such practices, however, require effective performance evaluations. To attempt such compensation without valid, reliable, and standard assessment instruments is to court litigation. Fairness is a national concern strongly affecting human resource managers. Personnell plansfocused soley on organizational needs must be abandoned to benefit workers and organizations alike. One example is the growing social phenomena of two career couples. As the numbers increase nepotism policies must be reexamined. Managing change and preparing people for change also require HRM professionals to rethink policy. New demands for an increase in functions such as retraining evolve as workers move through change. Training and professional development are crucial in all areas of operation. Even the lowest clerk needs to stay abreast of the latest innovations brought on by technical advancement. The march of technology, however, not only changes jobs, it makes some of them redundant or obsolete. In an era of company reconfiguration it becomes apparent that layoffs and divestirtures will occur when retraining isn't an option. Outplacement policies must be considered and developed in preparation of the need. HRM professionals also understand the need for the development of effective HR auditing instruments to measure employee perceptions of management fairness and the climate for effective communication within the company. The information obtained by employee attitude surveys can be greatly beneficial to supervisors, but only if they've been trained to use it. (7) The legal environment of personnell management is many fingered and quite comprehensive. In addition to regulations stemming from the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), passed in 1970, HRM is greatly affected by the broad umbrella of Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) regulation. As well as protecting workers form discrimination based on race, color, or creed, EEO serves workers in many other areas. Age discrimination also falls under this umbrella. With an increasing number of age discrimination suits, organizations need to develp a sensitvity to age issues and policy specific to older employees. A recent off shoot of EEO is the American with Disablities Act (ADA). ADA has created a need for new policies and procedures in accommidating employees with handicaps and disabilities. The emerging legal view that Acquired Immune Deficiancy Syndrome (AIDS) is a handicap brings policy questions about AIDS testing to the forefront. There is great potential for conflict in providing for the needs of other employees and creates an HRM channel that must be carefully navigated. Benefit plans that are regulated by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) require special attention. Companies must be prepared to provide resources that not only offer such plans but also impeccably manage those employee benefit plans. Failure to do so will lead to subsequent suits by employees challenging plans that are out of compliance with ERISA disclosure, reporting and fiduciary standards are problematic. Governemnt regulation is also partly responsible for shifting attention from union group representation to regulations and policies that emphasize the rights of individual employees. It is mandatory that this factor be taken into consideration in personnel planning and policy making. The role of unions as bargaining units is on the decline and will continue to diminish as bargaining relationships become increasingly stable. This translates to decreased strike activity and fewer actions filed with the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB). While that is a positive outcome the trade-off must be recognized, prepared and accounted for. While businesses will see fewer strikes, they can expect to see increasing numbers of employment-at-will and wrongful discharge suits. An additional considertion affects employers who contract temporary employees. This practice is experiencing an increasing number of suits by temporary employees alleging unlawful activity. This surely influences staffing policy decisions. It should come as no surprise that such pressures have created the need for a greater emphasis on the human aspect of business. With something so seemingly obvious the qustion is why hasn't this human aspect been addressed before? It may be due, in part, to the tendency to educate, develop, and train managers to fixate on analytical and technical aspects while assuming that â€Å"business as usual† in dealing with employees was sufficient to promote productivity. So why are companies now hoping to find solutions to business problems in the human side of enterprise? The answer lies in part to growing societal pressures. Concern over the condition of blue-color jobs in the 1930s, as well as civil rights and equal opportunity legislation in the 1960s and 1970s, has paved the way to revamping HRM policies to recognize and respond to shifting social values. More simply put, other approaches to improve employee productivity and organizational effectiveness haven†t worked. (9) The area of single most impact on worker performance lies outside of the work environment. Family needs are the primary cause of absenteeism, tardiness, and lower productivity. (9) The here are several factors creating this phenomena. First there is the steady flow of women into the work place. In 1970, 20.2% of women worked outside the home. That figure grew to 73.8% in 1995. The increase in two career couples has assisted families in reaching financial stability and filled a need for personal satisfaction. It has also, however, created a void in care giving that was traditionally a woman†s role. Another major cause of family issues impact is the increasing number of single parent homes. Single parent homes have grown from 12% in 1970 to 49.8 % in 1995. (10) As the sole burden of child rearing is placed on a worker, childcare arrangements, school obligations, and childhood illnesses are far more likely to interfere with attendance and productivity. Another social phenomenon, which strains workers and, in turn, disrupts the workplace, is increasing longevity. As the population grows older the phenomena of living longer allows workers the luxury of postponing marriage and having children. It†s relatively common today for couples to postpone their first child until their late thirties or early forties, a time formerly used for the preparation of an empty nest. Instead of retiring to grandparenthood these later in life parents are dealing with teenagers and how to get them through college. A large percentage of the workforce now finds itself in the position of not only having children to care for, but elderly parents as well. Add to the list of family pressures the moral and financial obligation workers must contend with in providing for the wellbeing of two generations. The American worker is now faced with a double whammy in the attempt to meet family needs. When looking at the increasing longevity of the workforce, one must consider that piece of the big picture which has to do with the rate that people retire. It†s estimated that within the next twenty to thirty years the retirement age in developed countries will, by necessity, move up to seventy-nine or so. Seventy-nine, in terms of health and life expectancy, correlates with the age of sixty-five and the health and life expectancies of 1936, when the United States, the last western country to do so, adopted a national retirement plan (Social Security). (11) As America continues to gray, a significant percentage of the work force will develop unprecedented needs that are geriatric in nature, impacting worker expectations of benefit packages. The question facing business in the future is determining what that age and experience are worth in terms of monetary compensation and benefits. This is a dilemma currently being faced by the Armed Forces, with many branches finding themselves to be top heavy with senior officers. The funding resources dedicated to personnel are not distributed in a fashion that attracts and retains military members, seriously jeopardizing the productivity of military organizations. (12) This is relevant in that many private organizations as well as public and government agencies are finding themselves in the same position. Retirement Incentive bonuses have become common place and are a primary tool used by organizations to cull the workforce. Will this remain a viable means of thinning an aging workforce? In addition to family pressures, and salary and benefits needs, there is a growing concern throughout the nation†s work force concerning quality of life. While benefits and compensation are key to employee satisfaction, and therefore productivity, a strong value is placed on the emotional satisfaction one finds professionally. These emotional perks come out of all areas, and are as solid as additional training and added responsibility or as intangible as recognition, appreciation, and creativity. (13) Business must take into account the social implications of such information, as it becomes essential to address staff needs and to determine successful strategies that should surround any HRM policy. The management of human resources centers on a single basic function of the management process: staffing. The HRM professional is charged with matching the right person to the job. While recruitment is an exacting area of HRM, a more significant piece of employee productivity lies in motivation. Motivation methods are key to fashoning successful HRM models. Motivation is a deceptively simple concept but probably one of the most complex components of human resource management. Motivation is simple in terms of human behavior. People are basically motivated or driven to behave in ways that they find rewarding. So the task seems easy; just find out what they want and hold it out as a possible reward or incentive. It becomes complex when trying to find a universal incentive in a very diverse workforce. What has value to worker A may be meaningless to worker B. And what has value at one point in time may become insignificant at another. For example, everyone has a need to eat. A big steak dinner, as an incentive to succesful completion of a task, is motivation – as long as your hungry! Had you just eaten, a steak dinner would hold no interest . An additional factor in the motivation equation has to do with the reality of obtaining the reward. Telling a person that they will be promoted to sales manager if sales in that jurisdiction increase is empty if that task is percevied as virtually inpossible. Two conditions must be met for motivation to occur, according to Vroom's expectancy theory of motivation. First the value of the particular outcome (such as recieving a promotion) is very high for the person and, secondly, the person feels that there is a reasonably good chance of accomplishing the task at hand and obtaining the outcome. This is the process of motivation. (14) Theories of motivation center on a a single basic question: what do people want? Abraham Maslow states that humans have five basic categories of need; physiological, safety, social, ego, and self-actualization. These needs have been arranged in order of there importance to humans. When the basic physiological needs, food, drink, etc., are met, they no longer serve as motivation. Instead, those urges toward safety, i.e., protection and security, become the driving force. Human beings move up this needs ladder as basic needs are met. Frederick Herzberg has divided Maslow's hierarchy into two planes, the lower meeting physiological, safety and social needs, and the higher meeting those needs surrounding ego and self actualization. Herzberg believes that the best motivation lies in satisfying those higher level needs. Based on his studies, Herzberg believes that factors that satisfy lower level needs, which he identifies as hygiene factors, are markedly different from those, reffered to as motivators, that satisfy higher level needs. Herzberg states that if hygeine factors are inadequate workers will become disgruntled, but once satisfied there is no incentive to perform. Therefore, hygiene factors are necesary for preventing dissatisfaction, but very inefficient in encouraging motivation. Job content, however is the source of motivating factors. Opportunities for achievement, recognition, responsibility, and more challenging jobs motivate employees. Motivating factors work because they appeal to higher level needs that are never completly satisfied. According to Herzberg, the best way to motivate employees is to build challenge and opportunities for achievement into their jobs. Herzberg reffers to this method of applying his theory as job enrichment. Basically, job enrichment consists of building motivators like opportunity for achievment into the job by making it more interesting and challenging.

Collaborative Ethnography Essay - 1629 Words

Introduction Postmodern anthropology can be described as a method to write about cultures in a certain way, by scrutinizing and interpreting the information gathered. Postmodern ethnographers believe that it is the way we interpret information that must be studied and that the voice of societies should be advocated through an informant. They also believe that to do this the use of collaborative ethnography is of vital importance. Collaborative ethnography is a relationship between ethnographers and informants. This, however, could be a team of ethnographers observing and studying a society, it could be a couple of ethnographers and more than one informant or it could be an ethnographer and his/her students. There are many different ways†¦show more content†¦For instance if one anthropologist were to observe a society, the way he/she interprets the information they are receiving could be different to that of a colleague. Nevertheless if they were to both construe the same data and amalgam ate them together, their research and observations would become more reliable and relevant to that of the society. Lassiter suggested that such collaboration between individuals is already natural in the ethnographers’ field, but should be embraced more literally; he stated that collaborative ethnography is â€Å"ethnography that builds on the cooperative relationships already present... between ethnographers and informants/consultants† (Lassiter, 2008, page 73). Through having a rapport with someone allows agreements and information to be shared easily. It is important to work with colleagues and informants as it gives a broader set of knowledge, it also allows for the societies point of view and culture to be put across accurately. In Alberto Bursztyn’s book The Praeger handbook of special education (2007, page 180) he describes the transition of collaborative ethnography from anthropology to academia, stating that the use in both areas is important to the st udy’s â€Å"validity, reliability and overall rigor†. Bursztyn also looks at previous team work within anthropological background, mentioning the ‘husband and wife’ teaming of theShow MoreRelatedEthical Dilemmas, Collaborative Work, And Multi Sited Ethnography3896 Words   |  16 PagesCOVER LETTER? Ethical Dilemmas, Collaborative Work, and Multi-sited Ethnography: A reflection on anthropological research in museums I had the opportunity to conduct a collaborative research project designed formulate a better understanding of diverse research methods within Anthropology. My group was made up of four members. We agreed from day one that we would focus our research around museums. We all had our own research we wanted to conduct within museums. We had come up with the question whichRead MoreEthnographic Research4252 Words   |  18 Pagestopic of assignment: ethnography. submitted by Umair Ijaz. (roll Number 1 BS English 4th semester) submitted to: Sir Waseem Akhtar. date of submission: 12-06-2012. OUTLINE In this chapter, I shall define ethnography and describe its central characteristics and principles. I shall also look at the key research concepts of reliability and validity as they relate to ethnography, and will discuss the importance of context to ethnographic inquiry. In the final part of the chapter, I shall highlightRead MoreStrengths And Weaknesses Of Experimental Research1459 Words   |  6 Pages (c) Action research: is a quantitative and qualitative method of research that individuals in the education field use to solve a problem. The strengths of action research are it is designed to solve a problem not test a theory, can be a collaborative method between teacher and students and teacher and colleagues, teacher can learn to use research to inform and improve their own practice so it is contextual and relevant to their particular circumstances, allows teacher to reflect on his or herRead MoreReflection Paper On Science And Science906 Words   |  4 Pagesthere were ways for culture to influence science. When I read the assigned ethnographies God’s Laboratory and Alien Ocean by Elizabeth Roberts and Stefan Helmreich, respectively, I was able to see exactly how clearly the theories about science were visible when anthropologists studied scientific communities. The connections were even more visible to me when we got to apply the theories ourselves through our Ethnography of Science class project. As a class, we devised questions to ask scientistsRead MoreA Culture As An Integrated Whole?1346 Words   |  6 Pagesstudied. An emic approach aims to explore and report using the framework found within the studied culture. In order for an anthropologist to use an emic approach, they must be able to think or behave similarly to the culture they are preforming the ethnography on, in order to correctly convey the local viewpoints. Ethnographers are unable to use an emic approach during the initial weeks of a study solely due to the fact that they have not spent enough time observing o r immersing themselves within thatRead MoreCommunity Archaeology : Archaeology And The World Of Archaeology815 Words   |  4 Pagesintegration of the public into to the world of archaeology isn’t a new concept, archaeologist for decades have been looking to the public to help better understand their surrounds and the history of the area. Ethnographies have been helpful in understanding and interpreting the past, these ethnographies were developed through interviews and observing the locals in a certain area. The emergence of community archaeology has never been pinpointed to one area of the world, since it is practiced all over theRead MoreCritical Appraisal Of A Qualitative Research Essay1373 Words   |  6 Pagesresearch topics have merit. The tool resulted in the assessment that this article is useful, particularly within the nursing profession. Nonetheless, portions of this article that could have been further developed. Within the Nursing 1028 course, ethnography i n the healthcare setting has often been examined. This article used an ethnographic framework to generate further comprehension of how nurses communicate, the culture, and disparities. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme allows for a comprehensiveRead MoreGrounded Theory Of The Theory1686 Words   |  7 Pagesresearch study is aligned with Strauss and Corbin direction but will not use classic grounded theory to avoid confusion but the basic principle of Strauss and Corbin in the use of both inductive and deductive approaches will be employed. Ethnography: Ethnography is a naturalistic, time consuming research that have its origin attached to the field of anthropology (Saunders et al., 2009). Researcher using this strategy is interested in studying the culture and the world in which the subjects of theRead MoreEvaluation Of A Critical Appraisal Essay1632 Words   |  7 Pageshas significance, particularly for the nursing profession. Nevertheless, sections of this article could have been further developed by expanding the topic through using a greater variety of hospital settings and more diverse patient populations. Ethnography in the healthcare setting has been examined in the Nursing 1028 course. This article used an ethnographic framework to develop further assessment on such elements such as culture, disparities and gain comprehension of how nurses communicate (BatchRead MoreThe Presentation Of The Self By Irving Goffman1167 Words   |  5 Pagescontrast to macro structural based theories. Dramaturgy can be considere d a theory of methodology, rather than a theory of society, offering a transferrable, flexible framework for context and situation specific qualitative research such as ethnography, auto-ethnography, field research and focus groups. This approach can uncover hidden meanings of the social world, which can be cohabiting as well as conflicting and provide the human capacity for deception as well as trust, morality, resistance and conformity

Partial Pressure Definition and Examples